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1、初中英语语法三大从句汇总A、定语从句专项讲解与训练一、定语从句概念定语从句(attributive clause),顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语 从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从 句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从 句。定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称 作先行词。请看示例：The woman who lives next door is a teacher.先行词定语从句在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句， 汉语里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。二、关系代词引导的定语从句关系
2、代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以 作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, whicho它们 的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示： 先行词主格宾格所有格人 who whom whose物 which which whose of which宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个 句子做另一个句子的宾语，将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词 或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下：一，引导词A:由that引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agr
3、ee, expect, hear , feel 等动词后。连词 that 只起 连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省 略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。例：I told him that he was wrong.1在think,believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时 谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形 式。例：I dont think you are right.（我认为你做的不对）1在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句 子的后面，而用it做形式宾语。例：
4、We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone （我认为他向每一 个人撒谎是错误的）B：由连词if、whether引导的表示”是否.”的宾语从句。Whether,if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if可以替换。例：I dont know if/whether he will come tomorrow.The teacher asked ifYwhether we had finished the experiment.1在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导例： Everything depends on whether
5、we have enough money。1宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.例：I dont know whether the movie star will come or not.1和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.例： Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.C：由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who,whom,whose, what, which, 和连接副词when, where, why, how等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有 连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。例：Do you know which film th
6、ey are talking about? （which 做定语）I dont know where he lives, （where 做地点状语）二：宾语从句的语序，宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他 成分例：I believe that they will come soon.He asked me whether I was a teacher.They wanted to know what they can do for us.三：宾语从句的时态。宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，既：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的
7、时态。如果从句的动 作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。例: l)She says that she is a student.She said that she was a student.2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3)She says that she has finished her homework already.She said that she had finished her homework already.
8、4)She says that she can sing a song in English.She said that she could sing a song in English.1如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从 句要用一般现在时态。例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.He told me that Japan is an island country.ICould you tell me.是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示 过去。例：Could you tell me when we
9、 will visit the Histury Museum?注意事项：u由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。例：She said: I have been to England befbre.”She said that she had been to England before.She asked me: Do you like maths?”She asked me if I liked maths.u宾语从句与简单句的交换。由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。彳列：I dont know w
10、hat I should do next.I cont know what to do next.He didnt know where he would live.He didnt know where to live.DO SOME EXERCISES:l.Can you see?A. what hes reading B. what is he readingC. what does he read D. he reads what2 .Does Jack come from Japan? Do you know?（合并成一个句子）Do you know Jack from Japan?
11、3 ._What did your son say in the letter?_He told me that he the Disney would the next dayA.will visit B. has visitedC. is going to visit D. would visit.He didnt knowA.whats the matter B.what the matter isC. what was the matter D. what the matter was4 .Somebody called you just now5but I didnt knowA.w
12、ho were they B. who they wereC. who was it D. who it was.1 want to knowA.what is his name B. whats his nameC. that his name is D. what his name is7 .-Could you tell me she is looking for?-Her cousin,susan.A.that B.whose C .who D.which.-What are you searching the Internet for?-Im trying to find out.A
13、.What is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLUB.How many persons have died in IraqC.How to protect our environmentD.Why is our Chinese team be able to beat Korea8 .Do you know?（谁正在唱歌）.Do you know?（她正在和谁谈话）9 .Do you know?（昨天发生了什么事） The keys: 1 A.2 if,comes.3D. 4 C. 5 D. 6 D. 7 C. 8 B 9 who is singi
14、ng10 who she is talking with11 what happened yesterdayC、同位语从句（一）概念一般来说，在主从复合句中,用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它通 常跟在某些名词之后，用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟 同位语从句的名词通常有：advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word （消息）， problem, question, doubt, thought 等。 例
15、如：They were delighted at the news that their team had won.当听到他们队获胜的消息时，他们欣喜若狂。Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你从哪儿听说我不 能来？有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 如：The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book.他突然想起汤姆可能已经还了书了。（二）引导词寻规找矩请仔细观察下列句子，注意从句引导词的用法。1. The news that Mr
16、. Li will be our new English teacher is true.2. He hasnt made the decision whether he will go there.3. The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.3.1 have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.5. We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend o
17、ur summer vacation this year.6.1 have no idea how I can get to the railway station.7.1 have no idea when he will be back.小结归纳that引导同位语从句时无词义，也不充当任何成分，但通常不可以省 略，如句1；whether引导同位语从句时意为“是否”，通常不能用if来代替，如句 2；连接代词who, what等可以引导同位语从句，如句3, 4； 连接副词where, how, when等可以引导同位语从句，如句5, 6, 7。（三）that引导的同位语从句和定语从句 意义不同
18、：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；而定语从 句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词。试比较：1. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.2. The news that you told us is really encouraging.分析句1中that引导同位语从句，说明“news”的内容：我们队取得了 决赛胜利。句2中that引导定语从句，对“news”加以限定：是你告诉我们的, 而非来自其他渠道。that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何 成分；而引导定语从句时，不仅起连接作用
19、，而且还指代先行词并在从 句中充当主语、宾语等成分。试比较：1. Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English test.2. Dad made a promise that excited all his children.分析句1中that引导同位语从句，其中that无词义，也不充当任何 成分；句2中that引导定语从句，that指代promise,又在从句中充当主 语，且that可以用which替换。可否省略：that在引导同位语从句时，通常不可省略。在引导定语从 句时，若在从句中作
20、宾语，通常可以省略，若作主语则不可以省略。即学即用.请用适当的词填空，使下列句子意思完整。1. They expressed the hope they would come over to China soon.2. The fact he didnt see Tom this morning is true.3. Word has come some American guests will come to our collegefor a visit next week.4. He cant answer the question he got the money from his ho
21、meyesterday.5. Do you have any idea is actually going on in the classroom?6. The problem we should have the meeting in the hall now mustbe decided at once.IL下列各句中均有一处错误，请改正。1. Our team has won the game, that made us very happy.2. Ive come with a message from Mr Wang how he wont be able to see you th
22、is afternoon.3. He must answer the question if he agrees with what she said or not.4. Ive read the book where you gave me the day before yesterday.5. One of the men held the pinion when what the book said was right.III.把下列句子翻译成英语。1 .我向他许诺说我一到北京就给他写信。2 .他经常问我这个问题，那就是这个工作是否值得做。3 .他什么也不说，这一事实使大家都感到惊奇。4
23、 .在我看来，他刚才告诉我的这个消息是真实的。5 .他突然想起他本来应该去接儿子的。Key:L 1. that 2. that 3. that 4. how 5. what. whetherII. 1 that一which 2. how一that 3. ifwhether4. wherethat / which 或省略 where5 when一that 6. that一howIII. 1.1 made a promise that I would write to him as soon as I got to Beijing.2. He often asked me the question
24、 whether the work was worth doing.3. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.4. In my opinion, the news (that / which) he told me just now is true.5. A thought suddenly came to him that he should have picked up his son.D、状语从句的种类人、物 that that（一）关系代词who, whom和whose的用法 who代替人，是主格，在定语
25、从句中作主语。例如： An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房 屋的人。I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们 化学的那位老师。Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first.想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发
26、 送简历。whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。例 如：Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday?昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗？ This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 这是我 爸爸十年前教的学生。The girl who I saw is called Mary.我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。（在 非正式英语中，主格who代替了宾格whom,亦可省略） whose一般代替人，有时亦可代
27、替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。例 如：The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study1状语从句的种类用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语 从句。状语从句可分为：1 .时间状语从句2.地点状语从句；3.原因状语从句；4.条件状语从句；5.目的状语从句；6.让步状语从句；7.比较状语从句；8.程度状语从句;9.方式状语从句；10.结果状语从句。2状语从句的时态特点一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示 “一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。二时间状
28、语从句3 时间状语从句(adverbial clause of time)1 .由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。【区别】when, while和as的区别：when引导的从句的谓语动词可以 是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动 作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如：While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. （was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和wa
29、s watching同时发生）As表示“一边一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主 句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调一先一后。As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as 强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间）.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再 用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成 “就，才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从 句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句 动词多用
30、过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句 动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before 引导的从句相反。2 .由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until 一般情况下两者可以互 换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语 动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性 动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如：3 .由since引导的时间状语从句。since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是 延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般 过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完
31、成时。但在Itis +时间+since从 句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如：4 .由 as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute,等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一就”。【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely).when / before, no sooner.than 相 当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。5 .由by
32、 the time引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化:在一般情况下, 如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如 果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。6 .由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。7 .由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有 多久就多久”。三地点状语从句4 地点状语从句(adverbial clause of place)地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固 定的句型，例如：句型1： Where+地点从句，(th
33、ere) +主句。【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里哪里就”；主句在从句后面时， there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。句型2： Anywhere/wherever+地点从句，+主句。状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当，来修饰主句中的动词，形容词 或副词等。状语从句都由从属连词引导，与主句连接，放在句末时，一 般不在前面加逗号。状语从句根据它表示的意思可分为时间，原因，条件，比较，结果，目 的等类。时间状语从句：是由 when, as, while, after, before, since, until, as soon as等从属连词引导的状语从句。时间状语从句中的
34、谓语动词不能用一般将来时，只能用一般现在时表示 将来发生的动作或存在的状态。原因状语从句：because, since, as和for都表示原因。because语势 最强，回答why提出的问题，用来说明人所不知的原因。当能够很明显 的看出原因或人们已知原因，就用as或since。由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来 代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。目的状语从句：表示目的状语的从句可以由in order that, so that,等词 引导。结果状语从句:结果状语从句常由sothat或suchthat引导,要掌握和区分这两个
35、句型，首先要了解so和such后面分别跟什么词。such是形容词，修饰名词 或名词词组，s。是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little 连用，形成固定搭配。如：The box is so heavy that I cant carry it.让步状语从句：是由though, although引导的状语从句。E、表语从句表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名 词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构 成谓语。表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。名词性从句在be等系动词后作表
36、语时被称为表语从句，例如: The problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎 样能弄到我们需要的东西。（how在表语从句中充当方式状语）The scissors are not what I need.这把剪刀不是我所需要的。（what在 表语从句中充当宾语） What I told him was that I would find him a good play.我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。（what在主语从句 中作直接宾语，that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当 句子成分， 不能省略） That is what
37、I want to tell you.那就是我想 要对你讲的。（what在表语从句中充当直接宾语） That is why she failed to pass the exam.那就是她考试不及格的原因。（why在表 语从句中充当原因状语）That is why”是常用句型， 意为“这就是 的原因/因 此”，其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，该句型通常 用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结，又如：That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne, 珍妮， 这就是现在 这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne
38、对老妇人显得 苍老憔悴深感诧异，说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后，用这一句 来进行概括)。/ That is why I came.这就是我来的原因。下面是两个与“That is why.”形式相似的结构，它们与“That is why.”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚：(1)uThat is why.”与“That is the reason why”同义， 只不过 从语法结构上讲，“That is the reason why.中why引导的是一个 定语从句，将其中的the reason去掉则与That is why”结构一样， 例如：That is (the reason) why I ca
39、nnot agree.这就是我不能同意的 理由。(2)uThat is because”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性 从句在此作表语，这也是个常用句型，意为“这就是为什么/ 因为“That is because”与“That is why”之间的不同在于That is because”指原因或理由，That is why.”则指由于各种原 因所造成的后果，例如：He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看
40、电影，那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。（第一句话说明结果，第二句 话说明原因）He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影，因此他昨天晚上没有去看。（第一句 话说明原因，第二句话说明结果）考题1The traditional view is we sleep because our brain is“programmed” to make us do so. （2007 上海）A. when B. why C. whether D. that答案D解析下划线处之后是包含一个原因状
41、语从句的表语从句， 如果看不出它是充当整个句子结构的表语从句将难以把握整个句子 的意思。因此，应选择可引导名词性从句且不充当任何成分的that。考题2You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is I disagree. （2004）A. why B. where C. what D. how答案B 解析下划线处的引导词引导系动词is后的表语从句并在 该表语从句中充当地点状语（“disagree”属于不及物动词，“I disagree”本身是完整的主谓结构），下划线应填入引导词where, 表语从句“where I disag
42、ree”的意思是“我不同意之处、我不同意的 地方”。考题3一I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.一 Is that you had a few days off? （1999）A. why B. when C. what D. where答案A解析下划线处的引导词引导与系动词is连用的表语从句 并在该表语从句中充当原因状语，下划线应填入表示“因此”（指 因某种原因所造成的结果）的引导词why。考题4 she couldnt understand was fewer and fewer students showed interest in
43、her lessons. （2000 上海）A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that答案A解析第一个下划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从 句中充当宾语，特指她所不理解的事情，应填入关系代词型的引 导词what；第二个下划线处表示“因此”（指因某种原因所造成 的后果，由why引导对应的名词性从句）而不是“为什么”（指原 因、理由，由because引导对应的名词性从句），应填入引导词 why。考题5made the school proud was more than 90% of thestudents had been
44、 admitted to key universities. （2003 上海春）A. What; because B. What; thatC. That; what D. That; because答案B解析第一个下划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从 句中充当主语，特指令校方骄傲的事情，应选用关系代词型的引 导词what；第二个下划线处引导表语从句表示原因、理由，应 由that引导对应的名词性从句。考题6一Are you still thinking about yesterdays game?Oh, thats. （2003 北京春）A. what makes me feel exc
45、ited B. whatever I feel excited aboutC. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited答案A解析A选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的事物”；B选项的意 思是“我觉得激动的任何事物”；C选项的意思是“我对它感觉的方 式”；D选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的时间，四个选项中A最适合 跟代表“game”的主语that对应，充当表语从句。表语从句与宾语从句的关系宾语从句和表语从句都属于名词性从句。其作用跟名词在句中 的作用相同。故充当宾语的句子叫宾语从句，充当表语的句子叫表 语从句。宾语从句（1）对于宾语从句要掌握以下三点语序：从句的
46、语序必须是陈述句语序，即“主语+谓语”这种 形式。时态：当主句是一般现在时或一般将来时的时候，从句可以 是任何时态，而当主句是一般过去时的时候，从句，从句时态必须 是过去时范围的时态，即（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时, 过去将来时）。连接词：当从句意思完整，主句意思肯定时，连接词用that, 且可以省去，当从句意思完整，主句意思不确定或含否定含意时, 常用if或whether（是否），当从句意思不完整时，连接词则是代替不 abroad.其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can
47、 see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字，你知道吗？（关系代词 whose指代先行词hotel,正式用法应该用of whicho whose window=thewindow of which, 意思是：the window of the hotel0 ）（二）关系代词which的用法which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如：I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。（which可以换成that）Tom works for a factory which makes watches.汤姆在一个制表厂工作。（which可以换成that）（三）关系代词that的用法that既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语从句作主语或 宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如：Is she the girl that sells newspapers?她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗？ （that可以换成who）Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了？（that可以换成which）Is this the book that you want to buy?这是你要买的那本书吗？（t