《词法和句法 重难考点总结(讲义)--中考英语语法专题复习(九年级通用).docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《词法和句法 重难考点总结(讲义)--中考英语语法专题复习(九年级通用).docx(9页珍藏版)》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、第一学期九年级英语语法专题复习(通用版)词法和句法 重难考点总结中考适用 实验中学 初中英语教研室 整理01词类(parts of speech )词类英语名称作用所作句子成分例词实 词名词Noun (n.)表示人或事物名 称主语/宾语/表语/定语/ 状语/同位语/补语man, car, China, Beijing, desk, advice(建议)代词Pronoun (pron.)代替名词等主语/宾语/表语/定语I, it, them, that, his, who, any数词Numeral (num.)表示数目或顺序主语/宾语/表语/定语one, two, first, second动
2、词Verb (v.)表示动作或状态谓语is, am, are, have, study, work, want, like形容 词Adjective (adj.)修饰人、事物的 特征表语/定语/补语big, small, long, short, boring, new, sad, funny副司Adverb (adv.)修饰动词/形容词 /副词状语/表语also, too, very, often, here, there, not虚 词冠词Article (art.)用在名词前,限 制名词的意义不 作 句 子 成 分a, an, the介词Preposition (prep.)表示名词或代
3、词 与他词关系of, in, on, at, for, about, with, over连词Conjunction (conj.)用来连接词与短 语/从句/句子的 词/从句/句子and, but, or, because, when, where感叹 词Interjection (inteij.)表示说话的感情oh, aha, hi, hello02句子成分(members of sentences)定义:组成句子的各个局部。英语句子成分有:主语,谓语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,补语,同位语 等。1 .主语(Subject):主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物。由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词、从
4、句等充当。This fish is rich in oil.这种鱼很肥。2 .谓语(Predicate):谓语说明主语的动作、状态或特征。一般由动词充当。一般可分为两类:简单谓语:由动词(或动词短语)或助动词+动词构成。可以有不同的时 态、语态和语气。We study for the people.我们为人民学习。I am studying in the classroom now.我现在正在教室里学习。复合谓语:情态动词+动词原形I can speak a little English.我可以说一点英语。3 .宾语(Object):宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词或介词之后。能作宾语的有
5、名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等。We love China.我们爱中国。This book is for the students.这本书是给学生们的。一些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接 宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。He gave me some ink.他给了我一些墨水。有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的 补足语(即宾语补足语)构成复合宾语。如:We make him our monitor.我们选他当班长。4 .表语(Predicative):属于主语补足语,是说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,它位 于系动词(如
6、be)之后。一般由名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、从句等充当。We are Chinese.我们是中国人。5 .定语(Attributive):在句中修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的成分叫定语。用作定语的主要有形容词、代词、数词、名词、动词不定式、介词短语、 从句等。形容词、代词、数词、名词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的词前面一一前 置定语。This is an exciting movie.这是一部令人兴奋的电影。但动词不定式、介词短语等作定语时,那么放在被修饰的词之后一一后置定 造。The bike in the room is mine.房间里的自行车是我的。6 .状语(A
7、dverbial):修饰动词、形容词、副词以及整个句子的成分叫状语。说明方式、因果、 条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。用作状语的通常是副词、介词短语、分词、不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰词前 面或句首。He lives in London.他住在伦敦。He runs fast.他跑得很快。Obviously, she is seriously ill.很明显,她病得很严重。7 .补语(Complement):补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,是起补充说明作用的成份。名词、形容 词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句中作补语。最常见的是
8、宾语补足语。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起 构成复合宾语。宾语变为主语,宾语补足语那么叫做主语补足语。We elected him monitor.我们选他当班长。He was elected monitor,他被选为班长。I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作.I saw a cat running across the road.我看见一只猫跑过 了 马路.8 .同位语(Appositive):同位语是位于名词或代词之后的、对前者加以解释、说明的成分,近乎于 后置定语。由名词、代词、数词、从句等充当。We students should study
9、 hard.我们学生应该努力学习。We are all students.我们都是学生。This is Mr.Zhao, our headmaster.这是赵先生,我们的校长。9 .插入语(Parenthesis):插入语是说话者对所表达意思的补充、强调、解释或者说话的态度,其位 置灵活,常用逗号或破折号与其他成分隔开,并且在语法上不影响其他成 分。常以副词、形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语、插入句等形式出现。To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.坦白说,我不太同意你的看 法。Who do you think is singing?你认为是谁在唱歌?
10、03基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns )英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下八种基本句型组合、扩展、 变化而来的:1 .主+谓(SV)I work.我工作。They walked and laughed.他们边走边笑。2 .主+系+表(SVP)状态系动词:beJohn is busy. John 很忙。持续系动词:keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, standHe always keeps silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。表像系动词: seem,
11、appear, lookHe looks tired.他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad.他看起来很伤心。感官系动词:feel, smell, sound, tasteThis kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。变化系动词:become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, runHe became mad after that.自那之后,他疯了。She grew rich within a short time.她
12、没多长时间就富了。终止系动词: prove, trun outThe rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。3 .主+谓+宾(SVO)She studies English.她学英语。He thought over the plan all the night.他整晚都在考虑这个计戈ij。4 .主+谓+间宾+直宾(SVOiOd)My mother made me a new dress.我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。5 .主+谓+状(
13、SVA)The children stayed in the room.孩子们待在房间里。6 .主+谓+宾+状(SVOA)You should forget him quickly.你应该快点忘记他。7 .主+谓+宾+补(SVOC)Time would prove me right.时间会证明我是对的。We made him monitor.我们让他做班长。8 .存现句There are four seasons in a year. 一年有四季。04句子的种类一、按用途、语气可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。L陈述句(Declarative Sentences):说明一个事实或陈述一种看
14、法。Light travels faster than sound.光比声音速度快。The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。2 .疑问句(Interrogative Sentences):提出问题。有以下四种:a.一般疑问句 (General Questions) : be,情态动词,助动词开头Can you finish the work on time?你能按时完成工作吗?b.特殊疑问句(W Questions; H QueOions):疑问代词、疑问副词开 头Where do you live?你住哪儿?How do you know that?你怎么知道那件
15、事?who, what, which作主语,按第三人称单数来看What is sb.?问职业Who is sb.?问姓名或与某人的关系What is the date.?问日期What day is.?问星期几各种疑问词组:how many(问多少(可数名词);how much(问价格/问多 少(不可数名词);how long(问长度/问持续多久);how soon(问还要多久); how often(问频率);how many times(问多少次)c,选择疑问句(Alternative Questions):Do you want tea or coffee?你是要茶还是要咖啡?d.反意疑
16、问句(Tag-Questions): 陈述句+简略问句He doesnt know her, does he? 他不认识她,对不对?陈述句含否认词no,ne ver,hardly,little,简略问句用肯定。陈述句主语为this/that/nothing/动词不定式/动名词/从句,简略问句主 语为it。陈述句主语为 these/those/nobody/everybody/somebody,简略问句主 语为theyo陈述句主语为there be句型,简略问句用thereoThere will be a meeting tomorrow, wont there?陈述句为复合句,简略问句的主语和
17、助动词与主句一致。She lived in Beijing when she was young, didnt she?但陈述句为复合句而主句的谓语动词为think,suppose,believe, imagine,expect,feel,且主语为第一/第二人称时,简略问句只有肯定/否认与主 句对应,而主语和时态要与宾语从句一致。I do not think that you are a student, are you?陈述句和简略问句的情态动词/助动词要保持一致,但有例外:have (拥有)-havent,donthave (进行某一动作)donthave (构成完成时)-haven,th
18、ave todontought to- oughtntmust (必须)-mustntmust (必要)needntmust be/do (表示猜想)-be/domust have done (对过去某一时间的事情推测)-didntmust have done (对发生在过去但对现在造成影响的动作进行推测)- haventmust not (表禁止)-may简略问句表示语气否认祈使句+will you?肯定祈使句+won,t you?(表示邀请)Lefs (包括对方)+shall we?(表示建议)Let us (不包括对方)+ will you?(表示请求)Let+第三人称+ will yo
19、u?3 .祈使句(Imperative Sentences):提出请求、建议或发出命令。Sit down, please.请坐。Dont be nervous!别紧张!4 .感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences):表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等 情绪。What good news it is!多好的消息啊!What a beautiful park it is!How beautiful park it is!How beautiful the park is!How well she dances!二、按结构可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句。1 .简单句(Simple Senten
20、ces):只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句。She is fond of collecting stamps.她喜欢集邮。2 .并列句(Compound Sentences ):包含两个或两个以上简单句,且句 与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接,有转折、因果、联合、选择等并列 句。The food was good, but he had no appetite.食物很精美,但他却没什么 胃口。3 .复合句(Complex Sentences):包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句 子叫复合句,从句由附属连词引导,从句必须和主句连用,不能独立存在。The film had begun when we got to the cinema.我们到电影院时,电影已经开始了。