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1、绝密启用前2002年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）（目代码:201）考生考前须知众1 .答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡 指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。2 .考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷 条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由 考生自负。3 .选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须 书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在 草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4 .填（书）写局部必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚
2、；涂 写局部必须使用2B铅笔填涂。5 .考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交|口1。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号 考生姓名An American girl in traditional Chinese costume （服装）2002年全国攻读硕士位研究生入考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Co
3、mparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 1 . As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_3 _ , following in the w
4、ake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures_7 the 20 1 century world of the motor car and th
5、e air plane. Not everyone sees that Process in 8. It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, 9 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process,1J its impact on the media was not
6、 immediately 12 As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal“ too, as we 11 as 13 with display becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 15 generations, with the distance between generations much 16It was within the compu
7、ter age that the term * information societyn began to be widely used to describe the 17 within which we now 1ive. The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 19 view about its economic, political, social and cult
8、ural impl ications. Benefits have been we i ghed_20 harmful outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.1.AbetweenB beforeCj sinceD later2.AafterB byC duringD until3.AmeansB methodC mediumD measure4.AprocessB companyC lightD form5.AgatheredB speededC workedD picked6.Aon Bout C over D off7.Ao
9、f Bfor C beyond D into8.AconceptB dimensionC effectD perspective9.AindeedB hence C howeverD therefore10.A broughtB followedC stimulatedD characterized11.A unlessB since C lestD although12. A apparent B desirable C negative D plausibleA institutional B universal C fundamental D instrumental 14.A abi1
10、i ty B capabi1ity C capacity D facul tyA by means of B in terms ofC with regard to D in line with15. A deeper B fewer C nearerD smallerA contextB rangeC scope D territory16. A regarded B impressed C influenced D effectedA competitive B controversial C distracting D irrational17. A above B upon C aga
11、inst D withSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirectionsRead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify sh
12、ared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems wi11 be different. If you are talki
13、ng to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses* convention, of a story which works well because the audience
14、 all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed a
15、side by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. Who is Ihal?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that, s God, “ camo the reply, “but sometimes he thinks h。 s a doctor. wIf you are part of the group which you are addressing,
16、you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it * 11 be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman, s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn, t attempt to cut in with humor as
17、they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You wi 11 be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few cas
18、ual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for t
19、he humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote MIf at first you don1 t succeed, give up“ or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatement. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor
20、.18. To make your humor work, you should A take advantage of different kinds of audienceB make fun of the disorganized peopleC address different problems to different peopleD show sympathy for your listenersThe joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are A impolite to new arriva
21、lsB very conscious of their godlike roleC entitled to some privilegesD very busy even during lunch hoursIt can be inferred from the text that public services A have benefited many peopleB are the focus of public attentionC are an inappropriate subject for humorDJ have often been the laughing stockTo
22、 achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered A in we11-worded language Bas awkwardly as possible Cin exaggerated statements Das casually as possibleThe best title for the text may be A Use Humor Effectively BVarious Kinds of Humor CAdd Humor to SpeechDJ Di fferent Humor Strategi
23、esText 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet t
24、o create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembl
25、y arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can
26、 perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to mak
27、e at least a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge. While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program al NASA, “we cant yet give a robot enough common sense, to reliably interact with a dynamic world. MIndeed the ques
28、t for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed resul ts. Desp i te a spe 11 of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to exte
29、nd that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to mode 1 thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the erro
30、r of a machine panel by a fraction of a mi 11 imeter in a control led factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single su
31、spicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don, t know quite how we do it.19. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in A the use of machines to produce science fiction. Bthe wide use of machines in manu
32、facturing industry.C the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.D the elite* s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.20. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means A programs B experts C devices D creatures21. According to the text, what is beyond mans ability n
33、ow is to design a robot that can .A fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.B interact with human beings verbally.C have a little common sense.LD respond independently to a changing world.22. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also A make a few decisions for themselves.B deal with
34、 some errors with human intervention. C improve factory environments.D cultivate human creativity.23. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are A expected to copy human brain in internal structure.B able to perceive abnormalities immediately.C far less able than human brain in
35、 focusing on relevant information.DJ best used in a controlled environment.Text 3Cou 1 d the bad old days of economic deci ine be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripl
36、ing of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines waining of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was
37、 given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in
38、the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retai 1 price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in th
39、e past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a deciine in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile tele
40、phones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oi 1 than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a ful1 year, compared with $13 in 1998, this wou
41、ld increase the oi1 import bill in rich economies by only 0. 25-0. 5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economiesto which heavy industry has shiftedhave become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously sque
42、ezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oi1 prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economi
43、st * s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.24. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price isA global inflation. B reduction in supply.Cfast growth in economy.D Iraq* s suspension of exports. 32.It can be
44、 inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go updramatically if.A price of crude rises.B commodity prices rise. Cconsumption rises. D oil taxes rise.33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries.A heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.B income loss mainly
45、 results from fluctuating crude oil prices.C manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.D oi1 price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that.A oi1-price shocks are less shocking now.B inflation seems irrelevant to oiI-price shocks.C energy con
46、servation can keep down the oil prices.D the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry. 35. From the text we can see that the writer seems.E optimistic. B sensitive. C gloomy. D scared.Text 4The Supreme Court1 s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications
47、for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect” , a centuries-old mora1 principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill pa