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1、概要写作新谈论文大纲:一、词汇英汉双解 二、单句同义重述 三、句群分析 四、概括要点 五、同伴共享一、以词典促表达学生表达问题： 1 .表达多样化在日常教学中要求学生经常查阅词典，加强词汇的英汉双解理解与记忆。常用纸质词典 有牛津高阶，朗文英汉词典等。电子词典有道，百度，格林斯等。我们要求学生查找摘录语 篇中的重点词汇、高频词及衔接词义，同时了解其用法。查阅词典比拟费时，同学们可以分 工合作。下面我们结合人教版必修4第2单元一个段落，分析一下如何使用词典。First, they damage the land by killing the helpful bacteria and pests
2、as well as the harmful ones. Chemicals also stay in the ground and underground water for a long time. This affects crops and, therefore, animals and humans, since chemicals get inside the crops and cannot just be washed off. These chemicals in the food supply build up in peoples bodies over time. Ma
3、ny of these chemicals can lead t。cancer or other illnesses. In addition, fruit, vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizers usually grow too fast to be full of much nutrition. They may look beautiful, but inside there is usually more water than vitamins and minerals.首先，我们来看这三个衔接词first,
4、 also ,in addition, first很简单，不需查询词典。有道词 典中“also”义为“同样,也，而且”,英文释义为“in addition”，近义词有as well, too.百度 词典中的牛津词典释义相似。“in addition有道词典中文释义为“此外，又”，英文释义 ufurthermore ,by way of addition其近义词 “additionally”。学生可以选择摘录 furthermore, additionally这两个简单表达。然后，学生查询段落中其它划线词汇，要求先理解其词义，再 查出可用的同近义表达。同时老师予以相应的指导，删去过于生僻复杂的词
5、汇。汇总如下表 所示。DamageAs well asAffectLead toAlsoin additionHarmandHave an effect onCauseAdditionallyBesidesdo harm toimpactresult inadditionallyinfluence2 .表达规范恰当调查显示本校约50%的学生近不善于改写句，改写不当是最常见的问题，如Quit damage of nicotine is difficult.There are three different ways to become addicted to nicotine, physical
6、 addicted first. Then you become a habit finally mental addicted. I also effects of smoking when I was young.上文来自人教版选修6unit3 一篇课文中的段落概要写作。Quit, nicotine, addicted, physically, mentally, through habit, difficult 为语篇中的7组关键词。除了 nicotine不易改写，其它词汇很容易从词典中找 到需要的表达和用法。其中quit牛津词典和有道词典例如分别为If I dont get more
7、money Fil quit.不给我加薪我就辞职。A nicotine spray can helpsmokers quit the habit.从中可以看出quit可作为及物动词，亦可作为不及物动词，但不能作 为主语放句首；另外quit damage搭配不当，而quit the habit这个短语非常恰当。Difficult 常用句型为 it is difficult to do.addicted 常用搭配有 be addicted to (doing)sth, addicted+n,addict oneself to doing其名词形式为 addiction.mentally,physi
8、cally 作为副词常用 于状语修饰动词，形容词，整个句子等。例如mentally ill/exhausted;physically J was totally a wreck.effect 名词常用于 have an effect on,adj+effect,动词为 affect, affect sth,可用被动语态。 这样，上文句子可改为：It is difficult to quit the smoking habit.There are three different ways to become addicted to nicotine,physically,mentally and
9、 through habit.i was also affected by smoking when I was young/I also addicted myself to smoking when I was young.此类词汇梳理在日常教学中经常应用，在概要写作专题训练中更是有针对性的练习和记忆。 在晨读或自习课，笔者会要求学生诵读默写，识记之后，在单句语境下进行替换练习和翻译。 如下所示：1 .阅读在英语学习中扮演至关重要的作用。(very important /vital).教育极大影响了环境保护工作。(have an effect/influence on)2 .使用手机过多严
10、重损坏我们的视力。(harm/do harm to/damage).The young people are more likely to shop online than their parents.(tend to)3 .Wifi is becoming more and more necessary in our daily life.(increasingly ).Depending on the Internet brings some potential risks.(Rely on)二、学习句群中的同义转述句群又叫句组，是几个在意义和结构上有密切联系的各自独立的句子组成的言语交际
11、单 位。即：由前后连贯共同表示一个中心意思的几个句子组成。(百度百科词典)。“转述”对 应英文词汇“restate, paraphrase”转述指用自己的话如实地转达他人的意思。有道词典英文 解释为“to express what sb has said or written using different words, especially in order to make it easier to understand ”(用不同的词汇表达他人所说所写的东西，尤其是为了使之更容易理 解)。很明显，中文解释非常简明，英文释义详细到位，更易便理解接受。无论哪种解释， 转述一定要忠实于说话者。同
12、义转述策略，在当前文献中和日常练习很常见。其中包括近同 义词替换。改变词性(动名词转化)、语态转化，定语从句与非谓语动词互换(相关研究很 多，本文从略)为此，笔者在平时加强常规的词汇替换练习的同时，尝试新的转述策略。1 .表达笼统化常指句群前面已详细描述某个概念实例和内容，在下文不再重复，而采用宽泛不具体、 不明确、含混、笼统泛化甚至模糊化的言语。请以下三例句群中的句1和句2的划线内容。 句群 1： I had vegetables, pork, beef, eggs ,soup, potatoes and yogurt for lunch today. havent had so much
13、food for long time.句群 2： The patient suffered from cancer, high pressure ,diabetes, heart attack and other mild diseases. Thats to say he is in very bad condition now.句群 3： Today in the food market I bought two kilos of potatoes , three bottles of milk ,a box of instant noodles 再 little pork , lotus
14、 root and other vegetables. It cost me about 20 dollars to daily food.3 .上下位词汇转述所代表的事物范围大的词叫上位词，范围小的叫下位词，前者包含后者J韩 礼德和哈桑等人将词汇衔接分为词汇重复关系、同义关系、上下义关系、和词汇 搭配四类。为了促进表达丰富多样，我们可以用一个上位词汇替代下位词汇如用 people替换woman creature替换animal等。请看以下句群Liu Xiang is a great Chinese track athlete.-Yes,he is a remarkable sportsman
15、.第一句的track athlete是指径赛运发动，是下位词汇。第二句 sportsman 运发动是上位词，匚。再看一处句群划线词汇shelters和structuresAn artist in Oakland, California is using his skills to help the homeless. Greg Kloehn builds very small shelters that make life on the streets a little more comfortable. The structures offer the homeless some safet
16、y and protection from bad weather.4 .数字改写如 30.74%- about one third, 6-12 Children/kids， 13-16 teens/teenagers/adolescents40-60 middle-aged ， 60 old people.累积高考真题同义表达（选项与答案句）The solution is obvious :always handle the most difficult job first.（2016 天津卷 D）The author recommends dealing with the hardest
17、task first.（32D 选项）More students than ever before are taking a gap year（间隔）before going to university.（2015 年全 国n卷c篇）The gap year is increasingly popular.（29C 选项）More and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree.（2015 年全国卷 II C 篇）The most students on th
18、eir vacation earn money for their education.（32C 选项）If you have somewhere you want to go,something you want to accomplish,someone you want to become.,take immediate action. .（2014 年全国 I 卷）When the world is waving a chair in your face,youre advised to make a quick decision. （3 IC 选 项）In an effort to
19、prevent language loss,scholars from a number of organizationsUNESCO and National Geographic among them-have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.（2014 年全国 I 卷 D 篇）Many scholars are making efforts to rescue disappearing languages.（32B 选项） 三、句群结构分析找出主题句、支撑句及过渡句
20、请在读后选择恰当的句群（说明文体）At the end of the 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English. Nearly all of them lived in England. Later in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world and because of that, English began to be spoken in many other countr
21、ies. Today, more people speak English as their first, second or foreign language than ever before.1. i上下位概念参考有道词典A.B.C.D.大局部学生选A,仅把句当成要点句，把其它三处的句群视为支撑句。也 有局部学生选B。显然，本文是按照时间开展这个逻辑线索展开的，介绍了英语 的三个开展阶段，每个阶段的地位都重要。三个句群先后顺承，都应视为要点。 应选D即。句是句的细节补充，即介绍16th说英语的人生活地点。 结构如下列图所示：四、要点概括.主题句改写缩写(Restate it)1 .非主题句
22、中提炼关键词主题句+关键词请在读后选择恰当的句群(议论文体)He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into t
23、heir bodies with their meals.From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.A.，B.，C.，D.，大局部同学选择C,局部同学选择D。句处是主题句，是本段的要点，但该 句表达过于抽象，句句也应当视为要点句。这样句群意思才完整，让能读者 明白作者的真实意图。句中划线局部的关键词是两个关键信息(multiplied in the air, with their meals),不能忽略。可见句是统领整段的主题，算是一个单独的 句群，及是两个句
24、群，呈并列关系，句是对句处的拓展解释；句 处拓展支撑了句。句群结构如下：The structure of the sentence group五、同伴共享（有序指导，目标明确，紧扣评分标准） 教师评改示范：cornea to having nicotine? min pain. Secondly. Y.2 xe3d sometguto do it 亚心斗d cHrc*oan hocorknow, if you do the same thins over 5，且自日 Having 3 ciearctte. 3mentally acldicted. I belicvcti I was happ
25、必日ways.廿 i* 3 YCTV difH3” 三ci *ool when I smolccd. I waat addicted m a一to txscometo txscomesmoking couplernailer birth weig.what 1 did know wasso unhhusband wa$ ordered outon amost 1 25F even in the shad1 didn t 5。3. for example, that itcigscttc smoke could Affect the health of non-smokers. Howeverr
26、,Bth and clothes smelt, and that the ends of my fingers with me again unless 1 stopped! I also noiiced【hat 1or even X abnormal 3 some way.ow. She r-UfzJT-ZL_iua_j I knew it was takun oft the soHool fooland lungs or that it was more difHcult forWhen f ojc young. Iknow rromibloco your hofbabies may ha
27、ve a1. There are three different ways that you become addicted to nicotine and you will fid it difficult to quit it.2.I didnt find smoking is harmful to our body when I was young. Untill I was unfit,! started to quit smoking.范文： You are addicted to smoking physically,habitually and mentally and so was I .However I finally quit it.学生共享评判：1 .了解概要写作规范：严格按照评分标准打分，写出评语.体验多种改写句式（读，老师积累）2 .学习要点连接方式（圈出连接词）.语言错误校读（proof reading）