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1、考点33阅读理解说明文(重难题型)题叁势说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事 理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序(如时间、空间、从现象 到本质)进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读 说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、 特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的 科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难
2、的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一 是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活, 同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了 4-5%o不过考生可以通过说明 文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号(如 破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明)等。命题方式考向一细节理解题说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：在列举处命题，如用 first(ly) second(ly) third(ly)finall
3、y not onlybut also then、in addition 等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事 实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。(2)在例证处命题，句中常用由as、such as、 for example for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。在 转折对比处命题，一般通过however、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike until not so much.as 等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷 换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项
4、中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。在 复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关 系和语法关系。细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅 读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。考向二语意猜测题说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常 进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part . in paragraph.refers to.或 what does the under
5、lined word mean?或 what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。解题时考生应 认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。 也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同【解析】推理判断题。由第三段的“People become risk-seeking when they are facing a definite loss. They will pump more money as a gamble to achieve a p
6、ositive outcome.（当人们面临明确的损失时，他们就会变得冒险。 他们将投入更多的资金作为一种赌博，以获得积极的结果。广可知，沉没效应的主要原因可能是害怕失去， 期待更好。故选A。12.【答案】D【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段的“We, however, will not choose to honor sunk costs on every occasion. This is especially true in the case of insurance然而，我们不会选择在任何场合都尊重沉没成本。在保险业中 尤其如此。户可知，提及“家庭保险”是为了进一步解释说明“我们不会在任
7、何情况下都考虑沉没成本”，故 选D。真题范夫【2022年高考真题】1.12022新高考1卷C篇】The elderly residents （居民）in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.The project was dreamed up by a local charity （慈善组织）to reduce loneliness and improve elderly peoples wellbeing, It is also being used to he
8、lp patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their break
9、fast each morning before I went to school. ”“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see theyve gone to bed.”“Its good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and re
10、sidents come and sit outside to watch them. Tm enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.Wendy
11、Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathw
12、ays, said: We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities., 28. What is the purpose of the project?A. To ensure harmony in care homes.B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.C. To raise money for medical re
13、search.D. To promote the elderly peoples welfare.29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?A. She has learned new life skills.B. She has gained a sense of achievement.C. She has recovered her memory.D. She has developed a strong personality.30. What do the underlined words embark on mean in parag
14、raph 7?A. Improve.B. Oppose.C. Begin.D. Evaluate.31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?A. It is well received.B. It needs to be more creative.C. It is highly profitable.D. It takes ages to see the results.【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。28 .【答案】D【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二
15、段“The project was dreamed up by a local charity （慈善组织）to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people飞wellbeing （该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老 年人的健康状况）”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。29 .【答案】B【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第五段 good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and res
16、idents come and sit outside to watch them. Tm enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful. （有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民 们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好）”可推知，RuthXavier通 过该项目获得了一种成就感。故选B。30 .【答案】C【解析】词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段 u Residents really welcome the idea of the
17、project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.（居民们非常欢迎该 项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣）”以及划线处前的“one of the first （第一批人之一）”可知Wendy Wilson是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C项：“Begin （开始）” 含义相近。故选C。31 .【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段 u Residents rea
18、lly welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.（居民们非常欢迎该 项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣）”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: We are happy to be taking part in the project. I
19、t will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.（“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩刘易斯说:我们很高 兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来）”可知，该项目的反 响很好。故选A。2.12022新高考1卷D篇】Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common m and a to the rare clicks of some souther
20、n African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the worlds languages.More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sou
21、nds called labiodentals, such as f and v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of anci
22、ent human adults were aligned （对齐），making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure （结构），making it easier to produce such sounds.The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the deve
23、lopment of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didnt have to do as much work and so didnt grow to be so large.Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age,
24、with the use of “f and V5 increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years
25、 ago. The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution/ said Steven Moran, a member o
26、f the research team.32 . Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damian Blasis research focus on?A. Its variety.B. Its distribution.C. Its quantity.D. Its development.33 . Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.B. They
27、 could not open and close their lips easily.C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.34 . What is paragraph 5 mainly about?A. Supporting evidence for the research results.B. Potential application of the research findings.C. A further explanation
28、 of the research methods.D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.35 . What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?A. It is key to effective communication.B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.C. It is a complex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evolution of huma
29、n beings.【答案】32.D33. C 34. A 35. C【文章大意】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的 i口日。32 .【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as f and nvn, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods.
30、 Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. (30多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如和v”， 在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。33 .【答案】C【解析 1 细节理解题 o 根据第三段中
31、的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned, making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds.（他彳门发现, 古 人类的
32、上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来， 我们的下颗变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下领结构使他们很 难发出唇齿音。故选C项。34 .【答案】A【解析】主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use off and vincreasing
33、 remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去 几千年里，咛和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第 五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。35 .【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“The set of s
34、peech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,said Steven Moran, a member of the research team
35、.（研究小组成员Steven Moran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我 们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。“）”可知，Steven Moran认为语 音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。36 【2022年全国甲卷B篇】Goffins cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not kno
36、wn to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to
37、 choose from. Inserting the correct key would let out the nut.In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical （对.称的）shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to b
38、e turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an allocentric frame of reference, In the experiment, Goffins cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in s
39、imilar tests. This indicates that Goffins cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues （线索），or also us
40、e a sense of touch in making their shape selections.24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?A. By following instructions.B. By using a tool.C. By turning the box around.D. By removing the lid.25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the te
41、xt?A. Using a key to unlock a door.B. Telling parrots from other birds.C. Putting a ball into a round hole.D. Grouping toys of different shapes.26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?A. How far they are able to see.C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys.27. Which can
42、be a suitable title for the text?A. Cockatoos: Quick Error CheckersC. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers【答案】24.B25. C 26. D 27. DB. How they track moving objects.D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.B. Cockatoos: Independent LearnersD. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了
43、一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。【24题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.（虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就 能熟练地使用工具）”以及 “the birds were given five differently shaped keys to choose from. Inserting, the correct “keys would let ou
44、t the nut.（研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确 的“钥匙”会让坚果出来）”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。【25题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段 “In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age（在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里）”结合选项，可知，一岁 儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。【26题详解】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段 “The n
45、ext step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.艮据研究人 员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状）”可推 知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。【27题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段 “Coffins c
46、ockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old.（科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原 产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似）”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头 鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos: Skilful Sh叩e-Sorters （凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工）”符合文意，最适合作为本文 标题。故选D。5.12022全国乙卷C篇】Can a small
47、 group of drones （无人机）guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today 5s “eyes in the sky,9 technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and i
48、nfrastructure （基础设施） worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient （高效）across the board.That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection