《新《试卷》2021年考研英语二真题18.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《新《试卷》2021年考研英语二真题18.pdf（15页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、1.-.a&Mffim%ffltt;a&mm*m.ttffi%.#%m.2.re&ffl%M.Mff&%WMmIm.M%WWw-.ma.ff:t 0 3.nt&:,m1ta,&t&-vtagntr:911:.,nt&agff&:,iff!aff&mmagffi.ffliliff&agff:1e;a ffi*,i:i&fiJLl:fi&:Jc.:g-:5t&;,iff!f)H 2B ffi2:l:Jj;.5.:,fi:ita*,&fDi:i&fflEHIJEJ.:111111111J 1111 g Section I Use of English Directions:Read the foll
2、owing text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or Don the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Its not difficult to set targets for staff.It is much harder,1,to understand their negative consequences.Most work-related behaviors have multiple components.2 one and the others become distor
3、ted.Travel on a London bus and youll 3 see how this works with drivers.Watch people get on and show their tickets.Are they carefully inspected?Never.Do people get on without paying?Of course!Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid?Possibly,but very few.And people who run for the bus?They are
4、 5.How about jumping lights?Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why?Because the target is 6.People complained that buses were late and infrequent.7,the number of buses and bus lanes were increased,and drivers were-or punished according to the time they took.And drivers hit these targets.But
5、 they _9_ hit cyclists.If the target was changed to _ l_Q _,you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing.If the criterion changed to safety,you would get more _ U_ drivers who obeyed traffic laws.But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another _11_ _:people beca
6、me immensely inventive in hitting targets.Have you _ _l_L that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time?Tailwinds?Of course not!Airlines have simply changed the time a _ 14 _ is meant to take.A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.The _ J_5_ of the story is simpl
7、e.Most jobs are multidimensional,with multiple criteria.Choose one criterion and you may well._1_ others.Everything can be done faster and made cheaper,but there is a _ 11_ _.Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting.But it is a
8、n argument for exploring consequences first.All good targets should have multiple criteria _ _lL critical factors such as time,money,quality and customer feedback.The trick is not only to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective,but also to understand how to help people better _1Q_ the ob
9、jective.1.A J therefore 2.A Emphasize 3.AJ nearly 4.A claim 5.A J threatened 6.A J punctuality 7.A Yet 8.AJ hired 9.A only 10.A J comfort 11.A J friendly 12.A purpose 13.A J reported 14.A break 15.A moral 16.A interpret 17.A task 18.A leading to 19.A specify 20.A modify Part A Directions:BJ however
10、CJ again DJ moreover BJ Identify CJ Assess DJ.Explain B curiously CJ eagerly DJ quickly BJ prove CJ check DJ recall BJ ignored CJ mocked DJ blamed BJ hospitality CJ competition DJ innovation BJ So CJ Besides D Still BJ trained CJ rewarded DJ grouped BJ rather CJ once D also BJ revenue CJ efficiency
11、D J security BJ quiet CJ cautious DJ diligent BJ problem CJ prejudice D policy B J revealed CJ admitted DJ noticed B trip C 1 departure l D transfer BJ background CJ style DJ form BJ criticize C J sacrifice DJ tolerate BJ secret CJ product DJ cost B J calling for CJ relating to DJ accounting for BJ
12、predict CJ restore DJ create BJ review CJ present DJ achieve Section II Reading Comprehension Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1 Reskilling is something that sounds like a buzZvVord but is
13、actually a requirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind.We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly,as will the requirements of the jobs that remain.Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on average 42 pe
14、r cent of the core skills within job roles will change by 2022.That is a very short timeline.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one.For individual companies,the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whose ski
15、lls are.That does not always happen.AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company who decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy.Other companies including Amazon and Disney had also pledged to create their own plans.When the skills mismatch is in
16、the broader economy though,the focus usually turns to government to handle.Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best,and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers,even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.With the pande
17、mic,unemployment is very high indeed.In February,at 3.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively,unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere.As of May,those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent,and although many wo
18、rker shortages had disappeared,not all had done so.In the medical field,to take an obvious example,the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors,nurses and other medical personnel.Of course,it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in a few w
19、eeks,no matter who pays for it.But even if you cannot close that gap,maybe you can close others,and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned.That seems to be the case in Sweden:When forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabin staff,Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a short retrain
20、ing program that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff.The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.*if(:.:.)ji(;)I!.3.(14 9l)21.Research by the World Economic Forum suggests _.A an increase in full-time employment BJ an urgent deman
21、d for new job skills CJ a steady growth of job opportunities DJ a controversy about the core skills 22.AT&T is cited to show-A J an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy BJ an immediate need for government support CJ the impmtance of staff appraisal standards DJ the characteristics of reskilling
22、 programs 23.Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada A J have driven up labour costs B J have proved to be inconsistent CJ have met with fierce opposition DJ have appeared to be insufficient-24.We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was _.A a call for policy adjustment B a change in hirin
23、g practices CJ a lack of medical workers DJ a sign of economic recovery 25.Scandinavian Airlines decided to A J create job vacancies for the unemployed BJ prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs C retrain their cabin staff for better services DJ finance their staffs college education*if(:.)i;k
24、:fl!.4.(14:W)Text 2 With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050,and forecasts that agricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace,food security is increasingly making headlines.In the UK,it has become a big talking point recently too,for a
25、 rather particular reason:Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food.The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats,down from almost three-quarters the late 1980s.A move back to self-sufficiency,the argument goes,would boo
26、st the fanning industry,political sovereignty and even the nations health.Sounds great-but how feasible is this vision?According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds,UK,85 per cent of the countrys total land area is associated with meat anl dairy production.That supplies 80
27、 per cent of what is consumed,so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldnt allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures,but they are still grave.To become much more self-sufficient,the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of a
28、nimal foods,and probably also fann more intensively-meaning fewer green fields and more factory-style production.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldnt help.There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry:most of its terrain doesnt have the right soil or climate to gro
29、w crops on a commercial basis.Just 25 per cent of the countrys land is suitable for crop-growing,most of which is already occupied by arable fields.Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and veg-which would involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of p
30、eople from their homes-we would achieve only a 30 per cent boost in crop production.Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed the UK are currently home-grown,so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per cent of our fresh produce needs.That is before we look the space
31、to grow the grains,sugars,seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.26.Some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the UK would _ _ A be hindered by its population growth BJ contribute to the nations well-being CJ become a priority of the government D pose a
32、 challenge to its farming industry 27.The rep011 by the University of Leeds shows that in the UK _ _ A J farmland has been inefficiently utilized BJ factory-style production needs reforming CJ most land is used for meat and dairy production DJ more green fields will be converted for fanning 28.Crop-
33、growing the UK is restricted due to-A J its farming technology BJ its dietary tradition CJ its natural conditions DJ its commercial interests 29.It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people _.A rely largely on imports for fresh produce BJ enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumption CJ
34、are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intake DJ are trying to grow new varieties of grains 30.The authors attitude to food self-sufficiency in the lJK is _.A J defensive BJ doubtful CJ tolerant DJ optimistic Text 3 When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar Sunrise
35、in 2015,it picked two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley.Microsofts own Office dominates the market for productivity software,but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from the ground up for the smartphone world.Both apps,however,were later scrap
36、ped,after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products.Their teams of engineers stayed on,making them two of the many acqui-hires that the biggest companies have used to feed their great hunger for tech talent.To Microsofts critics,the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are exampl
37、es of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their path.They bought the seedlings and closed them down,complained Paul Arnold,a partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures,putting an end to businesses that might one day tum into competitors.Microsoft decli
38、ned to comment.Like other start-up investors,Mr.Arnolds own business often depends on selling start-ups to larger tech companies,though he admits to mixed feelings about the result:I think these things are good for me,if I put my selfish hat on.But are they good for the American economy?l dont know.
39、The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question.This week,it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many small acquisitions over the past decade.Although only a research project at this stage,the request has raised the prospect of
40、 regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than$5.5 trillion,rifling through such small deals-many of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrise-might seem beside the point Between them,the five big
41、gest tech companies have spent an average of only$3.4 billion a year on sub-$l billion acquisitions over the past five years-a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves,and the more than$130 billion of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.However,critics say t
42、he big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum,in some cases as part of a buy and kill tactic to simply close them down.l,iti%(.:.)ilUlli.7.(-14 Yi)31.What is true about Wunderlist and Sunrise after their acq
43、uisitions?A J Their engineers were retained.BJ Their market values declined.CJ Their tech features improved.DJ Their products were re-priced.32.Microsofts critics believe that the big tech companies tend to _.A J exaggerate their product quality B l eliminate their potential competitors C treat new
44、tech talent unfairly DJ ignore public opinions 33.Paul Arnold is concerned small acquisitions AJ weaken big tech companies BJ worsen market competition CJ harm the national economy D 1 discourage start-up investors The US Federal Trade Commission intends A J limit Big Techs expansion B encourage res
45、earch collaboration CJ examine small acquisitions D supervise start-ups operation For five biggest tech companies,their A J brought little financial pressure B raised management challenges C set an example for future deals D generated considerable profits acquisitions have-Text 4 Were fairly good at
46、 judging people based on first impressions,thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to five-minute interaction,and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive.In one study of the ability she called thin slicing,the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to wa
47、tch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructors overall effectiveness.Their ratings correlated strongly with students end-of-semester ratings.Another set of participants had to count backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips,occupying their conscious working m
48、emory.Their ratings were just as accurate,demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.Critically,another group was asked to spend a minute writing dovvn reasons for their judgment,before giving the rating.Accuracy dropped dramatically.Ambady suspected that deliberation focused them o
49、n vivid but misleading cues,such as certain gestures or utterances,rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression.She found similar interference when participants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers,friends,or dati
50、ng partners.Other research shows were better at detecting deception from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection.Its as if youre driving a stick shift,says Judith Hail,a psychologist at Northeastern University,and if you start thinking about it too much,you cant remember what you