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1、托福听力讲座lecture信息量太大记不过来托福听力讲座lecture信息量太大记不过来？了解叙述结构安心抓 重点。今日我给大家带来托福听力讲座lecture信息量太大记不过来, 盼望能够关心到大家，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。托福听力讲座lecture信息量太大记不过来？了解叙述结构安心抓 重点托福听力讲座类叙述结构：定义式结构这种结构是lecture中最常见的一种结构。文章开头，教授在给出 主旨之后，分几个方面去描述某种现象、解释某种原理或者描述某种 事物。每个方面就是一段，每一段就是一个大细节。可能每一段中会 有一些例子去深化的阐明。需要留意的是，每一段是相互独立的，没 有比较、相
2、互影响的关系。假如有比较，就是我们的其次种结构。下 面我们来用TP017-L4来看一下这种结构：ProfessorOk, now I want to talk about an animal that has a fascinating set of defense mechanisms. And that s the octopus, one of the unusual creatures that live in the sea.The octopus is prey to many species, including humans, so how does it escape its
3、 predators?Well, let me back up here a second. Anyone ever heard ofProteous? Proteus was a God in Greek mythology who could change of which lies in the nose of the beholder.环尾狐猴真的很健谈。它们发声的目的是沟通信息。而且它们也会通过名副其实散发恶臭分泌物的混合物进行沟通，而 它们一般将这些分泌物用作标记领地及向异性求爱。但气味腺比雌性狐猴多的雄性狐猴才是真正的气味大师一它们有 时候会将那些臭味分泌物混合然后弄出一些散发恶
4、臭的混合气。环尾狐猴或是气味大师.jpg而现在讨论人员们已经对环尾狐猴这样做的缘由有了进一步的了 解。雄狐猴有时候会用手腕的腺体气味分泌物在树枝及嫩枝上做标记。其余时间它们就始终躺着，摩擦自己手腕上的腺体分泌物到胸部并 制造出一种散发剧烈臭味的混合物。这种特别混合物随后就被涂在一些物体或者附着在它们的尾巴上, 而雄性狐猴向它们的情敌宣战摇摆尾巴时就会起到沟通作用，而科学 家们将此称为“臭气的较量”。但为什么要特殊弄出这种臭味的混合物呢？讨论人员分析了环尾狐猴的气味变化. jpg或许加入从胸部分泌出的油状物可以转变手腕部臭气所代表的信 息。又或者它起到的是一种防腐剂的作用，让手腕的信号更长久。为
5、了一探毕竟，讨论人员们从北卡莱罗纳州的杜克狐猴中心收集到了 12只环尾狐猴的分泌物。然后他们分别将附着腕部气味，胸部气味及两者混合气味的木钉放 到雄性狐猴面前。结果讨论人员发觉雄性狐猴会在混合气体前驻足，这表明相比单独 气味，混合气体的确含有更多更好玩的信息。但在随后静置12小时待气体蒸发后，狐猴对混合气味更感爱好， 它们会舔这些木棍以便更好的接触到这种干燥挥发性的混合气体化 合物。这项观看试验证明白混合分泌物的确会促进狐猴驻足停留的理论。这项讨论已在皇家社会公开科学杂志上发表。因此虽然一支玫瑰就是一支玫瑰而且只会散发出玫瑰的气味时，但 环尾狐猴的香水可是极为简单的混合物，而其中所蕴含的微妙含
6、义只 能交由当事者的鼻子品评。1. wipe onto 擦上例句：Wipe the lotion onto your face.你在脸上搽些护肤液。2. wave at朝挥手（致意）例句：So why you just wave at her?为什么你只是对她招招手?3. find out发觉;使发作例句：I need to find out who tried to frame me.我得找出是谁企图诬陷我。4. stick with 坚持例句：If youre in a job that keeps you busy, stick with it.假如你所做的工作能让你很忙，那要坚持下去。
7、form. He could make himself look like a lion or a stone or a tree, anything you wanted, and he could go through a whole series of changes very quickly.Well, the octopus is the real world version of Proteus. Just like Proteus, the octopus can go through all kinds of incredible transformations. And it
8、 does this in three ways: by changing color, by changing its texture, and by changing its size and shape.从上段我们可以看出教授在文章开头给出主题（章鱼的力量）以后 要开头从三个方面（转变颜色，转变身体的材质，转变外形和大小） 来描述，那么每个方面就是一段，每个方面之间是独立的。托福听力讲座类叙述结构：比较结构在文章开头，教授会给出2个概念，比如A和B这两个概念。然后 就开头对A和B进行一个全文的对比，说完A的某个方面就开头说B 在这个方面是怎么样的，这种对比会贯穿全文。在听的过程中，要特
9、殊留意对比列举的信号词，登记重要的信息。TPO5-L4就是全文对比 的结构，比较的是folktale和fairytale这2个概念，同学们可以 参考一下这篇文章来看对比结构。托福听力讲座类叙述结构：问题解答型结构在文章开头教授会介绍一下背景并给出一个问题，比如先介绍一下 恐龙灭亡的背景学问，然后给出一个问题：恐龙是怎么灭亡的？接下 来就针对这个问题开头阐述一些理论或解决方法。每个理论和解决方法就是一个段落详细的例子同学们可以参考TP033-L1,这篇文章是讲金字塔的建 筑的，首先文章开头介绍了一下金字塔，然后给出了一个问题：how the pyramid was built?然后就开头阐述关于
10、金字塔建筑的几种理 论。以上3种结构就是托福听力讲座lecture中最常见的3种叙述结构, 大家假如能在平常练习听力时留意把握住素材的叙述结构并举一反 三，信任大家都能更为顺当地攻克托福听力拿到高分。2022托福听力练习：运输货物的丝绸之路传播疾病For thousands of years, whats called the Silk Road was a group of land and sea trade routes that connected the Far East with South Asia, Africa, the Middle East and southern Eu
11、rope. Of course, when humans travel they carry their pathogens with them. So scientists and historians have wondered if the Silk Road was a transmission route not just for goods, but for infectious disease.Now we have the first hard evidence of ancient Silk Road travelers spreading their infections.
12、 The find comes from a 2,000-year-old latrine that had first been excavated in 1992. The report is in the Journal of Archaeological Science.So the site is a relay station on the Silk Road in northwestChina. Its just to the eastern end of the Tarim Basin, which is a large arid area just to the east o
13、f the Taklamakan desert, and not far from the Gobi Desert. So this is a dry part of China.Piers Mitchell, paleopathologist at the University of Cambridge, and one of the studys authors, along with his student Ivy Yeh and colleagues in China.In the latrine, archaeologists found used hygiene sticks wr
14、apped with cloth. These were used for what you think they were used for.This excavation was great because the cloth was still preserved and the feces was still adherent to the cloth on some of the sticks. So the archaeologist kept these sticks in the museum. And so my Ph. D. student, Ivy Yeh, whos f
15、irst author on the paper, she went out to China took some scrapings from the feces adherent to the cloth. So we were then able to analyze that down the microscope when she brought it back to Cambridge.Where they found eggs from parasites一including one from a liver fluke.And thats the exciting one be
16、cause thats only found in eastern and southern China and in Korea, where they have marshy areas that have the right snails and the right fish.The fluke needs snails and fish for its lifecycle, but there were no such snails or fish in this dry region of China. So the unlucky traveler who harbored the
17、 parasite had to have transported the disease to that spot.Well firstly it tells us that people were doing very long journeys along the Silk Road and you might think thats obvious. But no one really knew how long people were traveling. Some people may have been trading, only going short distances se
18、lling their goods on to the next person. And so the goods might have gone all the way along the Silk Road, but people might not. But we know that some people were doing huge distances.Secondly it shows that this was, would be a viable route for the spread of those other infectious diseases like Bubo
19、nic plague and leprosy and anthrax that people had previously suggested might have been spread between East Asia and Europe along the Silk Road. Because modern genetic analyses have shown similarities between the strains of one end and the other.Mitchell says theres much more work to be done to bett
20、er understand the spread of diseases around the world. Perhaps from analyzing skeletons一or various other kinds of remains一to be found along the Silk Road.Thanks for the minute for Scientific American - 60-Second Science Science. Im Cynthia Graber.数千年来，海洋与陆地之间的贸易路线丝绸之路将远东、南亚、非 洲、中东和南欧连接起来。当然，人类在旅行时也携
21、带着病原体。科 学家和历史学家怀疑，丝绸之路运输的不仅仅是货物，还有传染性疾 病。现在，我们把握了第一个有力的证据，证明古代丝绸之路的游客传 播了自身的疾病。这项结果源自1992年发掘的一个有2000年历史的 茅厕。该项讨论结果发表在考古科学：报告杂志上。“这里是中国西北部丝绸之路上的一个中转站。位于塔里木盆地的 东端，塔里木盆地这块宽阔干旱的地区位于塔克拉玛干沙漠的东部, 距离戈壁沙漠不远。这里是中国的一个干旱地带。”皮尔斯米切尔是剑桥高校的古生物病理学家，同时也是该报告的 之一，他和他的同学艾薇叶以及来自中国的同事们一同进行了该项 讨论。考古学家在发掘的茅厕里发觉了用过的卫生棍，这些卫生棍
22、用布裹 着。这些东西的用途和你认为的一样。“这次发掘意义很大，由于这些布仍旧保存完整，而且排泄物还附 着在一些棍子裹着的布上。考古学家把这些卫生棍保存在博物馆。我 的博士同学艾薇叶，同时也是该论文的第一，去中国刮取了布上的 一些排泄物。这样，我们就能够在显微镜下分析她带回剑桥的样本。” 他们发觉了寄生虫的卵，还有肝吸虫的卵。“这项发觉让我们兴奋不已，由于这些只存在于中国东部和南部以 及韩国，那里的沼泽地有含有这些病原体的蜗牛和鱼类。”肝吸虫需要依靠蜗牛和鱼类进行生命循环，但是中国干旱地区没有这些病原体所需要的蜗牛和鱼类。所以，携带着寄生虫的倒霉游客将 疾病带到了该地区。“首先，这告知我们，人们
23、沿着丝绸之路长途跋涉，你可能认为这 是显而易见的。但是没有人准确知道人们究竟走了多远。有些人可能 始终在进行贸易活动，他们只走了很短的距离，将自己的货物转卖给 他人。所以，货物可能要始终沿着丝绸之路运输，但是人就不肯定了。 不过我们知道有些人的确走了很远的距离。”“其次，这项发觉表明，这可能也是黑死病、麻风病和炭疽等传染 疾病的传播路线，此前人们认为这些疾病沿着丝绸之路在东亚和欧洲 之间传播。由于，现代基因分析表明，菌株一端和另一端存在相像性。” 米切尔表示，为了更好的了解疾病在世界范围内的传播，还有更多 的工作要做。或许可以分析在丝绸之路上发觉的骨骼或是其他类型的 遗留物。重点讲解：1. c
24、ome from来自；始于;例句：The news comes from a reliable source.这消息来自牢靠的来源。2. along with 与起；例句：She came to dinner along with her boyfriend.她和她的男伴侣一道来用餐。3. be adherent to 黏附；附着；例句：The brass plate must be adherent to the steel.黄铜片必需和钢粘结。sell on转卖;侄！|卖；例句：Mr Farrier bought cars at auctions and sold them on.法里尔先
25、生拍得汽车后再将其转手2022托福听力练习：气味大师环尾狐猴Ring-tailed lemurs are a chatty lot.They vocalize to exchange information.And they also communicate via a veritable smorgasbord of stinky secretions they use to mark their territory and advertise their romantic availability.But male lemurs, which have more scent glands
26、than do females, are really masters of musk一because they sometimes mix their smelly secretions to produce a veritable bouquet of stank.And now researchers have a better idea why.Male lemurs sometimes use the scent glands on their wrists to mark tree branches and saplings.Other times, they double dow
27、n, rubbing their wrists against glands on their chests to create a foul and funky fusion.This special blend can then be smeared over objects or wiped onto their tails, which the males wave at their rivals in a display that scientists refer to as a “stink fight. ”But why create such a custom combinat
28、ion?Perhaps adding the oily exudate from the chest alters the information conveyed by the wrist.Or maybe it acts as a kind of preservative that makes the wrist signal longer lasting.To find out, researchers gathered secretions from a dozen ring-tailed lemurs at the Duke Lemur Center in North Carolin
29、a.They then presented male lemurs with wooden dowels that were doused with either the wrist fragrance, the chest scent, or a mixture of the two.And they found that males spent more time sniffing the stick with the mixture, which suggests that the fragrant combination does contain more interesting in
30、formation than the solo scents alone.But the lemurs were even more interested in the odiferous amalgamation when it was left out to evaporate for 12 hours, licking the sticks to better access the dried volatile compounds.That observation supports the theory that mixing secretions actually boosts their staying power.The results are in the journal Royal Society Open Science.So while a rose is a rose is a rose, the perfume of the ring-tailed lemur is a complex concoction, the subtle meaning