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1、/ 人 , 人 人 %6EUiEi.AOClAxXA斗。凯 A 包。曲瓦5为66印宜 JA0QAAaeC 六，切士 a50 o%OduAiEO%-iLiAeEUpAO0iAf-1 oOOAAif； 倭馥。电 I” A6dAxiAi j j What strikes one first in a birds -eye view of Beijing proper is a vast tract of golden roofs flashing brilliantly in the sun with purple walls occasionally emerging amid them and
2、a stretch of luxuriant tree leaves flanking on each side. That is the former Imperial Palace, popularly known as the Forbidden City, from which twenty- four emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties ruled China for some 500 yearsjajafrom 1420 to 1911. The Ming Emperor Yong Le, who usurped the throne f
3、rom his nephew and made Beijing the capital, ordered its construction, on which approximately 10,000 artists and a million workmen toiled for 14 years from 1406 to 1420. At present, the Palace is an elaborate museum that presents the largest and most complete ensemble of traditional architecture com
4、plex and more than 900,000 pieces of court treasures in all dynasties in China.j j j Located in the center of Beijing, the entire palace area, rectangular in shape and 72 hectares in size, is surrounded by walls ten meters high and a moat 52 meters wide. At each corner of the wall stands a watchtowe
5、r with a double-eave roof covered with yellow glazed tiles.j j j jThe main buildings, the six great halls, one following the other, are set facing south along the central north-south axis from the Meridian Gate, the south entrance, to Shenwumen, the great gate piercing in the north wall. On either s
6、ide of the palace are many comparatively small buildings. Symmetrically in the northeastern section lie the six Eastern Palaces and in the northwestern section the six Western Palaces. The Palace area is divided into two parts: the Outer Court and the Inner Palace. The former consists of the first t
7、hree main halls, where the emperor received his courtiers and conducted grand ceremonies, while the latter was the living quarters for the imperial residence. At the rear of the Inner Palace is the Imperial Garden where the emperor and his family sought recreation. j j jThe main entrance to the Pala
8、ce is the Meridian Gate(l), which was so named because the emperor considered himself the Son of the Heaven and the Palace the center of the universe, hence the north-south axis as the Meridian line going right through the Palace. The gate is crowned with five towers, commonly known as the Five-Phoe
9、nix Towers(2), which were installed with drums and bells. When the emperor went to the Temple of Heaven, bells were struck to mark this important occasion. When he went to the Ancestral Temple, it was the drums that were beaten to publicize the event.j j j jBeyond the Meridian Gate unfolds a vast co
10、urtyard across which the Inner Golden Water River runs from east to west. The river is spanned by five bridges, which were supposed to be symbols of the five virtues preached by Confuciusajabenevolence, righteousness, rites, intelligence, and fidelity(3).j j j jAt the north end of the courtyard is a
11、 three-tiered white marble terrace, seven meters above the ground, on which, one after another, stand three majestic halls; the Hall of Supreme Harmony(4), the Hall of Complete Harmony(5), and the Hall of Preserving Harmony(6).h j jThe Hall of Supreme Harmony, rectangular in shape, 27 meters in heig
12、ht, 2,300 square meters in area, is the grandest and most important hall in the Palace complex. It is also Chinas largest existing palace of wood structure and an outstanding example of brilliant color combinations. This hall used to be the throne hall for ceremonies which marked great occasions: th
13、e Winter Solstice, the Spring Festival, the emperor*s birthday and enthronement, and the dispatch of generals to battles, etc. On such occasions there would be an imperial guard of honor standing in front of the Hall that extended all the way to the Meridian gate.j j j jOn the north face of the hall
14、 in the center of four coiled-golden dragon columns is the nGolden Throne, which was carved out of sandalwood. The throne rests on a two-meter-high platform with a screen behind it. In front of it, to the left and right, stand ornamental cranes, incense burners and other ornaments. The dragon column
15、s entwined with golden dragons measure one meter in diameter. The throne itself, the platform and the screen are all carved with dragon designs. High above the throne is a color-painted coffered ceiling which changes in shape from square to octagonal to circular as it ascends layer upon layer. The u
16、tmost central vault is carved with the gilded design of a dragon toying with pearls, when the Emperor mounted the throne, gold bells and jade chimes sounded from the gallery, and clouds of incense rose from the bronze cranes and tortoises and tripods outside the hall on the terrace. The aura of maje
17、sty created by the imposing architecture and solemn ritual were designed to keep the subjects of the Son of the Heaven in awe and reverence.j j j jThe Hall of Complete Harmony is smaller and square with windows on all sides. Here the emperor rehearsed for ceremonies. It is followed by the Hall of Pr
18、eserving Harmony in which banquets and imperial examinations were held.j j j jBehind the Hall of Preserving Harmony lies a huge marble ramp with intertwining clouds and dragons carved in relief. The slab, about 6.5 meters long, 3 meters wide and 250 tons in weight, is placed between two flights of m
19、arble steps along which the emperors sedan was carried up or down the terrace. It is the largest piece of stone carving in the Imperial Palace. Quarried in the mountains scores of kilometers southwest of Beijing, this gigantic stone was moved to the city by sliding it over a specially paved ice road
20、 in winter. To provide enough water to build the ice road, wells were sunk at very 500 meters along the way.j j j jThe three halls of the Inner Palace are replicas of the three halls in the front, but smaller in size. They are the Palace of Heavenly Purity(7), the Hall of Union(8), and the Palace of
21、 Earthly Tranquility(9).j j j jThe Palace of Heavenly Purity was once the residence of the Ming emperors and the first two of the Qing emperors. Then the Qing Emperor Yong Zheng moved his residence to the Palace of Mental Cultivation and turned it into an audience hall to receive foreign envoys and
22、handled the state affairs. The promotion and demotion of officials were also decided in this hall. After the emperofs death his coffin was placed here for a 49-day period of mourning.j j j The Palace of Union was the empresss throne room and the Hall of Earthly Tranquility, once a private living roo
23、m for the empress, was partitioned. The west chamber served religious purposes and the east one was the bridal chamber where the newly married emperor and empress spent their first two nights after their wedding.j j j jThe Imperial Garden was laid out during the early Ming dynasty. Hundreds of pines
24、 and cypresses offer shade while various flowers give colors to the garden all year round and fill the air with their fragrance. In he center of the garden is the Hall of Imperial Peace, a Daoist temple, with a flat roof slightly sloping down to the four eaves. This type of roof was rare in ancient
25、Chinese architecture. In he northeastern corner of the garden is a rock hill, known as the Hill of the Piled-up Wonders, which is topped with a pavilion. At the foot of the hill are two fountains which jet two columns of water high into the air. It is said that on the ninth night of the ninth month
26、of the lunar calendar, the empress would mound the hill to enjoy the autumn scene. It is also believed that climbing to a high place on that day would keep people safe from contagious diseases.j j j jThe six Western Palaces were residences for empresses and concubines. They are kept in their origina
27、l way for show. The six Eastern Palaces were the residences for them too. But now they serve as special museums: the Museum of Bronze, the Museum of Porcelain and the Museum of Arts and Crafts of the Ming and Qing dynasties. In the northeastern-most section of the Inner Palace are the Museum of Trad
28、itional Chinese Paintings and the Museum of Jewelry and Treasures where rare pieces of imperial collections are on display.I j j jNow the Forbidden City is no longer forbidding, but inviting. A visit to the Palace Museum will enrich the visitors1 knowledge of history, economy, politics, arts as well
29、 as architecture in ancient China.；i ；a。境 J|iA6/Ax+iA2jj jjSituated in the western outskirts of Haidian District, the Summer Palace is 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) from central Beijing. Having the largest royal park and being well preserved, it was designated, in 1960 by the State Council, as a Key Cul
30、tural Relics Protection Site of China. Containing examples of the ancient arts, it also has graceful landscapes and magnificent constructions. The Summer Palace is the archetypal Chinese garden, and is ranked amongst the most noted and classical gardens of the world. In 1998, it was listed as one of
31、 the World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.jjj Constructed in the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234), during the succeeding reign of feudal emperors; it was extended continuously. By the time of the Qing Dynasty (1644- 1911), it had become a luxurious royal garden providing royal families with rest and entertainment.
32、 Originally called Qingyi Garden* (Garden of Clear Ripples), it was know as one of the famous three hills and five gardens1 (Longevity Hill, Jade Spring Mountain, and Fragrant Hill; Garden of Clear Ripples, Garden of Everlasting Spring,Garden of Perfection and Brightness, Garden of Tranquility and B
33、rightness, and Garden of Tranquility and Pleasure). Like most of the gardens of Beijing, it could not elude the rampages of the Anglo-French allied force and was destroyed by fire. In 1888, Empress Dowager Cixi embezzled navy funds to reconstruct it for her own benefit, changing its name to Summer P
34、alace (Yiheyuan). She spent most of her later years there, dealing with state affairs and entertaining. In 1900, it suffered again, being ransacked by the Eight-Power Allied Force. After the success of the 1911 Revolution, it was opened to the public.Hi Composed mainly of Longevity Hill and Kunming
35、Lake, The Summer Palace occupies an area of 294 hectares (726.5 acres), three quarters of which is water. Guided by nature, artists designed the gardens exquisitely so that visitors would see marvelous views and be amazed by perfect examples of refined craftwork using the finest materials.j jj (Cent
36、ered on the Tower of Buddhist Incense (Foxiangge) the Summer Palace consists of over 3,000 structures including pavilions, towers, bridges, and corridors. The Summer Palace can be divided into four parts: the court area, front-hill area, front-lake area, and rear-hill and back-lake area.j j j jFront
37、-Hill Area: this area is the most magnificent area in the Summer Palace with the most constructions. Its layout is quite distinctive because of the central axis from the yard of Kunming Lake to the hilltop, on which important buildings are positioned including Gate of Dispelling Clouds, Hall of Disp
38、elling Clouds, Hall of Moral Glory, Tower of Buddhist Incense, the Hall of the Sea of Wisdom, etc.j j j jRear-Hill and Back-Lake Area: although the constructions are fewer here, it has a unique landscape, with dense green trees, and winding paths. Visitors can feel a rare tranquility, and elegance.
39、This area includes scenic spots such as Kunming Lake and Back Lake , which presents a tranquil beauty, Garden of Harmonious Interest, built by imitating the layout of Southern China;-s classical gardens, and Suzhou Market Street, endowed with a strong flavor of the water town Suzhou.j j j Court Area
40、: this is where Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu met officials, conducted state affairs and rested. Entering the East Palace Gate, visitors may see the main palace buildings: the Hall of Benevolence and Longevity served as the office of the Emperor, the Hall of Jade Ripples where Guangxu liv
41、ed, the Hall of Joyful Longevity, Cixis residence, the Garden of Virtue and Harmony where Cixi was entertained, Yiyun House , where once lived the Empress Longyu, and Long Gallery, which measures the longest in Chinese gardens.j j j Front Lake Area: covering a larger part of the Summer Palace, opens
42、 up the vista of the lake. A breeze fluttering, waves gleam and willows kiss the ripples of the vast water. In this comfortable area there are the Eastern Bank and Western Bank, Seventeen-Arch Bridge, Nanhu Island, the largest island in Summer Palace, Bronze Ox, an imposing statue beside the lake, a
43、nd Marble Boat, built in western style with elaborate decorations . On the western bank float six distinct bridges amongst which the Jade-Belt Bridge is the pretty!；i% 6aoi 角A6/Ax+iA3j j j jThe Palace Musieum is also known as nforbbitom City which was built in 1408 . it took 14 years for twenty thou
44、sand workers to finish the constraction. it covers an area of 720000 square meters. And it is also one of the five greatest imperial palaces in the world.j j j There are 9999 rooms in the whole Palace. In China the figure 9 is traditionally considered a lucky one.j j j Nowadays, every Tuesday the pa
45、lace is open to Chinese students without charge.j j j jin the Palace, there are treasures with history of 5000 years. It is a must1 for the visitors both home and abroad. I have been very happy since I knew that you would come to Beijing for travelling. Please let me know when you arrive here so that I will be ready to be your guide.