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1、-、词类、句子成分和构词法1、名词、动词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、冠词、介词、连词、 感叹词。名词:表示人事物地点还要抽象概念(1)名词单复数变化可数名词:能数的过来就是可数名词不可数名词:只有单数,包括物质,抽象概念。谓语动词要用 单数、这些词前面不能加不定冠词Bread water (液体)air (空气) advice (建议)一 a piece of advice 一条建议furniture (家具)a piece of furniture 一件家具 news 新闻 paper 纸肉类(meat、chicken 鸡肉 fish 鱼肉 beef 牛肉)information 信Ther
2、e is some,would you like to have some ? would like to do=want to doA、 apples B、book C、meat D、penThe doesnt taste good. Do does可数名词:单复数变化1 .+ s.以s、sh、ch、x结尾的要加es3、以辅音字母加y结尾 去y+ies4、以o结尾的hero (英雄)potato tomato要加es5、以 ffe 结尾变为 ves knife、leaf (树叶)life (生命)shelf (架子)wolf (狼)不规那么变化: man-men woman-women ch
3、ild-children mouse-mice sheep-sheepfish-fish deer-deer tooth-teeth foot-feet2.many 和 muchA.都表示许多,many用来形容可数名词,much用来形容不可 数名词B.many后可以加a或者an再加可数名词单数并且谓语动 词用单数表示的含义和many加可数名词复数一样Many a student has failed 0 =many students have failed oA lot of = lots of许多大量 后面可以加可数名词和不可数词both 和 allA.Both用于两者之间 翻译成 两个都.
4、All用于三者及以上都后面可以加名词复数也可以不加名词Both my parents are in good health.B.如果后面接的是代词必须要用。f连接,代词用宾格Both of us are students neither和none (没有、都不)Neither通常用于两者之间 而none用于三者及以上either和each还有every如果后面接的是代词,还得用of来 连接A. Either表示两者之间任意一个,谓语动词用单数Either of us will go to supermarket oB.either还有副词“也”的意思,用于否认句或疑问句当中。I also li
5、ke eating apples oDo you like eating apples either ?I dont like eating apples, eitheroEvery +空+ 名词 every studentEvery +空one of +名词复数Every one of the apples苹果中的每一个/每一个苹果Everyone每个人 后边不可以接ofof the students is good at playing basketball oA. every one B.Every oneAnother , other (s) 和 the other (s)1 .ano
6、ther意味 别的另一个的。泛指三个或者三个以上中的另 一个。可以单独使用,也可以接单数名词或代词one,前面 不能加冠词Another is girl from China。There are a lot of of bikes。 I want another new one.2、other泛指其他的另外的,后面可以跟复数名词,相当于 others.Other apples = othersOther后可以跟复数名词 而others不可以the other (s)前提已经告诉只有两个,其中的一个叫做one,另一个叫the otheroThere are 2 apples, one is re
7、d, the other is green.前提知道总数,其中的一个one,其中的一些叫some,剩下的 就叫 the othersSome of my classmates likes drawing , the others likes singing oSome students are cleaning the Windows o are mopping the floor.Helen has got 2 brothers . of them likes chocolate,but she loves itA. every B.both C neitherD.anotherFew几乎没
8、有可数名词Little几乎没有不可数名词A few 有一些A few 有一些可数名词A little有一些 不可数名词1、否认的含义There is water left, Im thirsty o2、可数不可数people can learn English well,others can noteOne (s)one用来代替上文中出现的同类的单数名词,为了防止重复。Ones用来代替复数It代词 它,表示的是上文所出现同一个东西。Your dress is very beautiful, I want to buy,too.A.one B.ones C it D.that前面可以用the,
9、this, that, which等词进行修饰复合不定代词16个某个 Somebody任意Anyone没有 Nowhere每一个 Everything1、形容词要放在复合不定代词之后Somewhere beautifulSomebody confidentAnybody hard-working can get the job o2、谓语动词都用单数Everyone is here.3.else其他的Nothing else is lefto相互代词each other= one another 互相We havent seen each other for 1 year.Could/coul
10、d you please/would you please 表示委婉或请求 后面可以 接 some第三节:数词表示数量的词:基数词和序数词基数词:1、hundred thousand million (百万)3 hundred peopleHundreds of people 成百上千的2.可以和名词(不能用复数)构成复合词,中间用连字符连接,可做 定语。A 7-year-old boyA boyA. 7-years-old B.7 years of C. 7-year- old序数词:1 .前边一般都要加theThe first , the third.如果序数词前面加了不定冠词a/an,表
11、示再一个 又一个You will need a second/third pair of socks。2 .形容词最高级之前可以加序数词,表示第最.The second longest river,.序数词和基数词可以替换的情况The second pagePage two oPart three 第三局部 =the third partRoom 301No.5No.7 Middle School.分数表达方法分子用基数词表示,而分母用序数词来表示,并且分母有单复数 的变化1/3 one third of sth .的三分之一2/5 two fifths of sthHalf a half o
12、fQuarter a quarter of 3 quarters of 3/4如果后面是可数名词复数,谓语动词用复数One third of the apples are redTwo fifths of the water is clear6.倍数表达法表示倍数,once 一倍twice两倍三倍或者以上的用基数词 +times(1) 倍数 + adj/adv 比拟级 +than 比.Her house is twice bigger than yours.她的房子比你的房子大两 倍(2)倍数 +as+adj/adv + as 是.的几倍Her house is twice as big as
13、 yours.7. about、around nearly almost teach us English四形容词翻译成”的”修饰名词和局部代词,表示人或者事物性质,状 态或者特征的词叫形容词。1 .本身就是形容词Nice good glad2 .加了后缀组成的形容词A. n+y sun-sunny wind-windy fun-funnyB. +able (能.)comfort-comfortable(舒服的)C.+ al nation-national person-personalD.-en gold-goldenE.ent differ-differentF.ish self-self
14、ishG. ive act-activeH. ful use-usefulL ous danger dangerousJ. n+ly day-daily3 .带有-的都是形容词Hard-working Man-made4 .分词形容词do、to do doing doneBoring -ing的形容词要形容物,主语是物Excited -ed的形容词要形容人主语只能是人The film is very _boring(bore) , I cant feel excited (exciting)Its _interesting(interest) fbr me to go on vacation
15、.5 . the +形容词 构成的是名词,指的是一类人,谓语动词要用复数The old/young/rich/poor/disabledThe poor are not able to eat.6 .形容词的排序限冠形龄颜国材县官行令宴国才限定词:only, other the an、a、my、this onesOther three yellow books形容词在句子当中多数充当的是定语形容词多数情况下要位于名词之前形容词 情况下放在名词的后面1 .形容词放在不定代词后面去形容someone interestingSomewhere beautiful.形容词与数量词连一起时充当定语的时候
16、形容词要后置2 meters long.形容词短语如果作为定语,一般放在所修饰的词后面The water is famous for its color.3 . alive活着的asleep睡着的awake醒着的People alive形容词比拟级和最高级单音节形容词 +er the adj+-estFew fewer the fewest以不发音的e结尾的+rthe adj -stNice nicer the nicest以辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节双写辅音字母+erthe +双写+estthe biggestthe y-estthe easiestBig bigger 以辅音字母加y结尾 y
17、-ierEasy easier 多音节形容词的变化在单词前加 more +adj the most +adjBeautifulmore beautiful the most beautiful不规那么变化的形容词Good/wellBad/illLittleMany/muchbetterworselessmorethe bestthe worstthe leastthe mostFar 远的/程度深 farther/further farthest/furthestThan 比My apple is bigger than yours.My house is more beautiful tha
18、n yours.He is the talles our class o比拟级的特殊用法.越来越Better and better 越来越好More and more+ adjMore and more beautiful.越越The+adj 1比拟级,the adj2比拟级Some sheep areA sheep is只能形容可数名词的:many few (几乎没有)a few (有一 些)只能形容不可数名词:much littlea little两者都可用的:some lots of a lot of(2)专有名词:人名、地名、机构名字、国家、地区、组织 人名: Liu Yilan Za
19、ng Yue名胜:the Great Walk故宫、颐和园、大本钟、塔桥、悉尼歌剧院、东京塔(3)所有格表示所属关系1、通常在名词的后面+,s 一般用于人名后2、如果名词是以s结尾的一般在名词后+ The students classroomParent n.父亲或母亲 parents no父母两个人 My parents home3、有些表示时间、距离的以及世界国家城镇这些名词 后面也,stodays newspaper ten minutes5 break4、通常可以用of来表示没有生命的所属the classroom of the schoolA friend of mine我的一个朋友
20、5、The Green5s代表的家或者办公室I went to the Greens yesterday6、Amy and Lily5s book两个人共同拥有的一本书The harder you work, the more you get.3.两者当中进行比拟,“两者中比拟.的”“the+比拟级+ofthetwo”She is the taller of us two.最高级的特殊用法One of the最高级+名词复数One of the most important things is to get a ticket.形容词介词短语be + adj +at1. be + adj+abo
21、ut worried adj 担忧的 worry v.担忧 dont worry!2. Be +adj+for be famous for be ready for含有形容词的常用句型Tt is adj for sb to do sth 对来说做某事是It is exciting for me to go on a vocationIt is adj of sb to do sth 某人做,某人是It is kind of you to help me形容人-ed excited bored relaxed形容物-ing exciting boring relaxing alone adj单独
22、的表语be动词后的叫表语I am aloneAdv.单独地 live sit alone = by oneself lonely adj孤独的A lonely old manElder更年长的 elder brother哥哥older更老的更旧的五、介词是一个虚词。它一般位于名词,代词或者相当于名词的结构之间, 用来连接两个不能直接连接的成分之前。get to schoolo一、表示时间的介词1、at、in、onA. at放在具体的时刻前,或者放在固定搭配前。arrive in/atAt 7;00 at night evening (黄昏)B.in放在表示一段时间的时间单位前,早上/下午/晚上
23、、天、周、 月、年、世纪C.on放在具体的某一天前On Monday on 2nd July on this morning2、after、 inAfter在之后 要和一般过去时连用She went to England after 2 weeks oIn + 一段时间in 2 years之后 一般将来时连用She will come back in 2 days.3. from从开始接一个时间点from Monday to Thursday4,during在期间强调的是时间的延续性During the holiday, During summer vacation During Spring
24、 FestivalWe should go to school by bus instead of by car.Yes,cars we use,pollution there will be。A. fewer ; less B.less; fewerC.the less;the fewer D. the fewer ; the lessWhich subject do you like,English or math?Of course ,EnglishA. well B.better C上estAmys and Lilys books 两个人分别有(4)名词作为主语时的主谓一致问题-主语和
25、谓语动词的 单复数保持一致1、集体名词(集合名词)family class team group schoolA、如果表示的时整体概念,谓语动词就用单三Class 3 is very good class.B、强调的是集体当中的每个成员时,谓语动词要用复数Class 3 _have a map 地图 of China.考前须知;1 glasses (眼镜)、shoes (鞋)、socks (袜子)、shorts (短裤)、 pants trousers (裤子)gloves (手套)等名词的谓语用复 数A pair of 一对谓语用单数a pair of glasses is needed b
26、y me。2、there be有be可以分为is和areTherea book and some flowers.就近原贝U3.both .and both + 名词复数 both 两者都谓语动词要用复数Both apple and banana are my favouriteoBoth my parents like drawing4. either.or.两者任意一个/要么.要么用来连接主语谓语动词用单三neither.nor.两者都不 既不.也不.就近原那么Either my brother or my sister likes to play basketball Either my
27、 brother or my sisters like to名词辨析1、sound、noise voice(都是可数名词)sound n泛指一切的声音sound v.听起来+ adjnoise n 噪音adj.noisy 吵闹的Voice n 嗓音Her voice sounds sweet!2、journey、tour trip、traveljourney:指陆地上进行的长途旅行不知重点,比拟辛苦的 意思Tour:巡回旅行,往返旅行通常指短途Trip:通常指某一次的旅行含有度假的意思atripto+地 点 a trip to JapanTravel:广义上的旅行 有动词的含义travel t
28、o+地点 去旅行3.fishn.鱼、鱼肉、鱼的种类如果作为鱼来讲单复数同形,谓语动词根据所表达的含义 来选择Therea fish on the plate (盘子)There many fish in the river.作为鱼肉谓语动词用单三作为种类来讲,可数,并且有单复数变数复数记作行shesThere are 5 fishes in this lake 。(湖)Had better do 最好had better not do 最好别.The class all here , no one is left.There be就近原那么Both . and.i胃语 do/are/amI a
29、m a student.I play basketball.They are students.They play students.Either.or.谓语动词 就近原那么Either my brother or my sisters are going to Japan.Neither .nor .两者都不几分之几分子用基数词表示放在前面分母用序数词表示并且有单复数变化放在后面Three fifths of the water isWoman或man作定语变复数前后都变Men teachersTeenager 青少年-teen fifteen-tysecond n.秒第二个Minute n
30、.分钟Hour n.二、代词1.代词的种类:分为 人称代词,物主代词(形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词)、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、不定代词人称代词:代替人或事物的名称、有主格和宾格的形式代词:人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。这三种代词的形式变化表如下:人称单复数主格宸格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词第一 人称单数Imemv .minemvselfJ复数weusouroursourselves第二人称单数vou .vou ,vour .vours .vourself .复数vou .vou .vour .vours .vourseh es .第二人称单
31、数hehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfitititsitsitself复数thev .themtheirtheirsthemselves人称代词中的it除了指人或物之外还可以指 天气,时间,温度, 距离,情况通常情况下用it指代天气It is snowy.Whatfs the weather like? Its snowy o物主代词:形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词只能作名词的定语,后边一定要加名词My bookmy名词性物主代词,相当于一个名词,既可以代替事物,也可以表 明所属关系,在句子中是可以独立做主要成分的,如果作宾语或 者是表
32、语的话后边是不可以接名词。The book is mine.0f+名词性物主代词称为双重所有格a friend of mine名词性物主代词后面不可以有 名词 mine book形容词性物主代词后面不可以没有名词my is yourOf后面只能选名词性物主代词a friend of myby mistake= by accident 偶然地反身代词:就是表示“自己”的代词形式:第一人称和第二人称的反身代词是由形容词性物主代词在 词尾加-self或-selves构成的第三人称的反身代词是由代词的宾格在词为加self或 selvesmake by myselfHelp himselfhelp on
33、eself to +n (food、drink) 请 自便吃/喝Teach ourselves做法:1.如果选项当中有反身代词,优先考虑反身代词2.找空之前的人称或性别来选择合适的反身代词Peter doesnt feel sure of in his new school.指示代词:就是用来指代或者标记人或事物的代词This这个that那个These这些those那些That和those可以用来代替前面提到过的事或者物,但是this 和these是不可以The area of the bedroom is larger than that of the sitting room.The bi
34、kes made in Chongqing are as good as those made in Shanghai.The population of China is larger than of India.不定代词:指不明确的代替某个或某些人或事物的代词。用来 修饰或代替不确定的人或事物。常见的不定代词:l.some 和 any都表示一些,可以修饰或代替可数名词以及不可数名词。A.some只能用于肯定句或者表示请求的疑问句当中any只能用于否认句和疑问句当中The doctor gave her some medicine for her cough.Could you give m
35、e some money?He doesnt have any money oDoes he have any money ?B. some如果后面跟的是可数名词单数表示某一个Some careless man has taken my umbrellaoC. any任一的任何的Any careful person can get the job.There are a lot of apples on the table,some are red.D.Not .any =no 没有There is not any water in the bottle.There is no water in the bottle o