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1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精,善益求善。历届韩素音翻译大奖赛竞赛原文及译文-历届韩素音翻译大奖赛竞赛原文及译文英译汉部分3Beauty(excerpt)3美(节选)3TheLiteratureofKnowledgeandtheLiteratureofPowerbyThomasDeQuincey8知识文学与力量文学托马斯昆西8AnExperienceofAestheticsbyRobertGinsberg11审美的体验罗伯特金斯伯格11APersonWhoApologizesHastheMoralBallinHisCourtbyPaulJohn
2、son14谁给别人道歉,谁就在道义上掌握了主动保罗约翰逊14OnGoingHomebyJoanDidion18回家琼狄迪恩18TheMakingofAshenden(Excerpt)byStanleyElkin22艾兴登其人(节选)斯坦利埃尔金22BeyondLife28超越生命美卡贝尔著28EnvybySamuelJohnson33论嫉妒英塞缪尔约翰逊著33中译英部分37在义与利之外37BeyondRighteousnessandInterests37读书苦乐杨绛40TheBitter-SweetnessofReadingYangJiang40想起清华种种王佐良43Reminiscences
3、ofTsinghuaWangZuoliang43歌德之人生启示宗白华45WhatGoethesLifeRevealsbyZongBaihua45怀想那片青草地赵红波48YearningforThatPieceofGreenMeadowbyZhaoHongbo48可爱的南京51NanjingtheBelovedCity51霞冰心53TheRosyCloudbyBingxin53黎明前的北平54PredawnPeiping54老来乐金克木55DelightsinGrowingOldbyJinKemu55可贵的“他人意识”58CallingforanAwarenessofOthers58教孩子相信6
4、1ToImplantInOurChildrensYoungHeartsAnUndyingFaithInHumanity61-英译汉部分Beauty(excerpt)美(节选)JudgingfromthescientistsIknow,includingEvaandRuth,andthosewhomIvereadabout,youcantpursuethelawsofnatureverylongwithoutbumping撞倒;冲撞intobeauty.“Idontknowifitsthesamebeautyyouseeinthesunset,”afriendtellsme,“butitfeel
5、sthesame.”Thisfriendisaphysicist,whohasspentalongcareerdeciphering破译(密码),辨认(潦草字迹)whatmustbehappeningintheinteriorofstars.HerecallsformethisthrillongraspingforthefirsttimeDiracsequationsdescribingquantummechanics,orthoseofEinsteindescribingrelativity.“Theyresobeautiful,”hesays,“youcanseeimmediatelyth
6、eyhavetobetrue.Oratleastonthewaytowardtruth.”Iaskhimwhatmakesatheorybeautiful,andhereplies,“Simplicity,symmetry.对称(性);匀称,整齐,elegance,andpower.”我结识一些科学家(包括伊娃和露丝),也拜读过不少科学家的著作,从中我作出推断:人们在探求自然规律的旅途中,须臾便会与美不期而遇。一个朋友对我说:“我不敢肯定这种美是否与日落之美异曲同工,但至少,两者带给我的感受别无二致。”我的这个朋友是一位物理学家,他大半辈子都在致力于破解群星内部的秘密。他向我讲述了当年邂逅科学
7、之美时的狂喜:那是当他生平第一次顿悟狄拉克的量子力学方程式,或是洞彻爱因斯坦相对论的方程式时的感受。“那些方程式是如此动人,”他说道,“只消看一眼你就会明白,它们一定是正确的,或者说-至少,它们的指向是正确的。”我好奇一个“动人的”理论是个什么样,他的回答是:“简约、和谐、典雅,有力。”Whynatureshouldconformtotheorieswefindbeautifulisfarfromobvious.Themostincomprehensiblethingabouttheuniverse,asEinsteinsaid,isthatitscomprehensible.Howunlik
8、ely,thatashort-livedbipedonatwo-bitplanetshouldbeabletogaugethespeedoflight,laybarethestructureofanatom,orcalculatethegravitationaltugofablackhole.Werealongwayfromunderstandingeverything,butwedounderstandagreatdealabouthownaturebehaves.Generationaftergeneration,wepuzzleoutformulas,testthem,andfind,t
9、oanastonishingdegree,thatnatureagrees.Anarchitectdrawsdesignsonflimsypaper,andherbuildingsstandupthroughearthquakes.那些打动我们的理论,往往受到自然之母的肯定,其中奥妙不可言宣。诚如爱因斯坦所言:这个世界最让人费解之处就在于:它是能够被了解的。想想这一切是多么地不可思议:在一个不起眼的星球上,生存着一种拥有短暂生命的两足生物,然而,正是这些微不足道的小生物,不但测量出了光速,而且把原子层层剥开,还计算出了黑洞的引力。人类虽然尚未全知全能,但是,关于大自然的脾性,我们所知道的确实不
10、能算少。人类经过世世代代的努力,猜想出各种定理公式,并在实践中检验它们,然后惊讶地发现:大自然竟然与我们不谋而合。这就像一位建筑师在薄薄的图纸上绘制出设计方案,依此建造的高楼大厦,竟能够经受住地震的洗礼考验,依然耸立。Dirac:迪拉克,保罗阿德利安莫里斯1902-1984英国数学和物理学家。1933年因新原子理论公式与人分享诺贝尔奖。Welaunchasatelliteintoorbitanduseittobouncemessagesfromcontinenttocontinent.ThemachineonwhichIwritethesewordsembodieshundredsofinsi
11、ghtsintotheworkingsofthematerialworld,insightsthatareconfirmedbyeveryburstoflettersonthescreen,andIstareatthatscreenthroughlensesthatobeythelawsofopticsfirstworkedoutindetailbyIsaacNewton.我们发射一枚人造卫星,它便帮助我们将讯息传遍世界各地。而我,正在一台机器上记录下这些文字,这台机器包涵着人类思想的精髓-对物质世界运作方式的真知灼见-每一次敲打键盘,这些真知便化为字母跳入屏幕;当我注视着屏幕,架在鼻梁上的眼
12、镜则是根据光学原理配制而成的,而对这一理论进行详细论证的开山始祖则是艾萨克牛顿。Bydiscerningpatternsintheuniverse,Newtonbelieved,hewastracingthehandofGod.ScientistsinourdayhavelargelyabandonedthenotionofaCreatorasanunnecessaryhypothesis,oratleastanuntestableone.WhiletheyshareNewtonsfaiththattheuniverseisruledeverywherebyacoherentsetofrule
13、s,theycannotsay,asscientists,howtheseparticularrulescametogovernthings.YoucandosciencewithoutbelievinginadivineLegislator,butnotwithoutbelievinginlaws.通过对万物造化的深入观察,牛顿相信自己正追随着上帝的笔触。如今的科学家大都摒弃了“造物主”一说,认为那是无稽的假设,即使不全盘否定,至少也认定那是不可能得到验证的假说。诚然,他们坚信牛顿的看法-世界受一套整合的法则所支配,但问题在于,发轫之始,这些法则是如何开始掌管世界的?对此,身为科学家的他们也
14、无从知晓。在科学的疆界,我们可以拒绝相信上帝的存在,但我们不能否认万物之法的存在。Ispentmyteenageyearsscramblingupthemountainofmathematics.Midwayuptheslope,however,Istaggeredtoahalt,gaspingintherarefiedair,wellbeforeIreachedtheheightswheretheequationsofEinsteinandDiracwouldhavemadesense.NowadaysIadd,subtract,multiply,anddolongdivisionwhenn
15、ocalculatorishandy,andIcandoalgebraandgeometryandeventrigonometryinapinch,butthatisaboutallthatIvekeptfromthelanguageofnumbers.Still,Irememberglimpsingpatternsinmathematicsthatseemedasboldandbeautifulasaskyfulofstars.少年时,我曾试图攀登数学之颠。可惜才到半山腰,便开始步履踉跄;空气稀薄,使我气喘吁吁,不得不停下脚步,而爱因斯坦和狄拉克的方程式却仍旧远在高处。现在的我,若是手边没有
16、计算器,便通过心算处理加减乘除;有必要时,我还能应付代数、几何,甚至三角运算;但是话说回来,数字世界留给我的也就只有这些零星点滴了。不过,我至今仍然记得曾在数学王国里浅尝到的无穷变幻-大胆、迷人,犹如群星漫天。IsaacNewton:牛顿(1642-1727)英国物理学家、数学家。ImnevermoreawareofthelimitationsoflanguagethanwhenItrytodescribebeauty.Languagecancreateitsownloveliness,ofcourse,butitcannotdelivertoustheradianceweapprehendi
17、ntheworld,anymorethanaphotographcancapturethestunningswiftnessofahawkorthewitheringpowerofasupernova.Evasweddingalbumholdsonlyafaintglimmeroftheweddingitself.Allthatpicturesorwordscandoisgesturebeyondthemselvestowardthefleetingglorythatstirsourhearts.SoIkeepgesturing.每当我尝试着将美付诸于文字时,我便极为深刻地意识到:文字的力量是
18、多么有限。语言自有其灵动可人之处,可它却无法传达大千世界的绚烂。正如一方相片框不住一只鹰的迅捷,也再现不了一颗超新星毁灭时的壮丽。伊娃的婚礼相册仅仅留存了一丝微弱的光芒,以见证婚礼现场的光鲜夺目。相片和文字能够做到的最多只是描摹那些瞬息即逝的、那些让我们心潮涌动的光芒。于是,我一直都在努力描摹。“Allnatureismeanttomakeusthinkofparadise,”ThomasMertonobserved.BecausetheCreationputsonanonstopshow,beautyisfreeandinexhaustible,butweneedtraininginorde
19、rtoperceivemorethanthemostobviouskinds.Even15billionyearsorsoaftertheBigBang,echoesofthateventstilllingerintheformofbackgroundradiation,onlyafewdegreesaboveabsolutezero.Justso,Ibelieve,theexperienceofbeautyisanechooftheorderandpowerthatpermeatetheuniverse.Tomeasurebackgroundradiation,weneedsubtleins
20、truments;tomeasurebeauty,weneedalertintelligenceandourfivekeensenses.托马斯梅尔顿说过,“世间造物之神奇无不令人联想到天堂乐土”,因为创世纪本身就是一出永不落幕的表演;其间芳华之美悠游自在,无穷无尽。有些美显而易见,容易为我们所捕捉,但另一些则不然:若要欣赏她们,我们得付出一点努力。宇宙大爆炸在一百五十多亿年后的今天仍余波未平,爆炸当时所释放的能量(即使这些能量看起来似乎微不足道)仍以背景辐射现象的形式存在着。由此,我得出一个观点:人类对美的体验中暗含着秩序和力量的影子,而这些秩序和力量充斥着整个宇宙空间。测量背景辐射,我们需
21、要精密仪器;而衡量美,则需要动用我们的聪慧和所有敏锐的感官。supernova:超新星,一种罕见的天文现象,表现为一恒星中的绝大部分物质爆炸后,产生能放射极大能量的极为明亮而存在时间极短的物体。ThomasMerton:默顿,托马斯1915-1968美国天主教教士和作家,其作品主要是关于当代宗教和世俗生活的,包括七重山(1948年)和无人为孤岛(1955年)。theBigBang:创世大爆炸按照大爆炸理论,标志宇宙形成的宇宙爆炸。(6)backgroundradiation:背景辐射,又名3K宇宙背景辐射,是60年代天文学上的四大发现之一,它是由美国射电天文学家彭齐亚斯和威尔逊发现的。该学说认
22、为,大爆炸之初,宇宙的温度高得惊人。随着宇宙膨胀的进行,其温度不断降低,到现在平均只有绝对温度度(相当于零下摄氏度)左右。(7)absolutezero:绝对零度在此温度下物质没有热能,相当于摄氏-273.15度或华氏-459.67度。Anyonewitheyescantakedelightinafaceoraflower.Youneedtraining,however,toperceivethebeautyinmathematicsorphysicsorchess,inthearchitectureofatree,thedesignofabirdswing,ortheshiverofbrea
23、ththroughaflute.Formostofhumanhistory,thetraininghascomefromelderswhotaughttheyounghowtopayattention.Bypayingattention,welearntosavorallsortsofpatterns,fromquantummechanicstopatchworkquilts.Thispredilectionbringswithitaclearevolutionaryadvantage,fortheabilitytorecognizepatternshelpedourancestorstose
24、lectmates,findfood,avoidpredators.Butthesameadvantagewouldapplytoallspecies,andyetwealonecomposesymphoniesandcrosswordpuzzles,carvestoneintostatues,maptimeandspace.任何人都能在一颦一笑,一花一草中体验快乐。但是,发现数学之美、物理之绝、象棋之妙的眼睛并不是与生俱来,而欣赏树木形态、鸟翼构造、或是悠扬笛声的心灵也非浑然自成。我们需要点拨和引领。纵观历史传承,这样的点拨和引领往往来自长者,籍此,年轻人学会专注;因为专注,我们领略到万千形
25、态的美,无论是量子力学中精妙的理论,还是棉被上漂亮的拼花图案。正是出于对美的强烈偏爱,才使得人类在物种进化的追逐比拼中处于上风。因为人类能够辨识出美的事物,而我们的祖先则因循这一标准选择伴侣,寻找食物,躲避敌人。如果自然界中所有的物种都拥有发现美的能力,那么它们都将在进化过程中称霸一方。然而,惟独人类在演变中独占鳌头:我们谱写交响曲,创造字谜游戏;在我们的手中,顽石诞生为雕像,时空归依为坐标。Havewemerelycarriedouranimalneedforshrewdperceptionstoanabsurdextreme?Orhavewestumbledontoadeepcongrue
26、ncebetweenthestructureofourmindsandthestructureoftheuniverse?这一切究竟来源于何?仅仅是我们将本能的敏锐感知力推向了荒谬的极致,还是我们不经意间摸索到了扎根于人类思想和苍茫万物间那深刻的一致性?Iampersuadedthelatteristrue.Iamconvincedtheresmoretobeautythanbiology,morethanculturalconvention.Itflowsaroundandthroughusinsuchabundance,andinsuchmyriadforms,astoexceedbyaw
27、idemarginanymereevolutionaryneed.Whichisnottosaythatbeautyhasnothingtodowithsurvival:Ithinkithaseverythingtodowithsurvival.Beautyfeedsusfromthesamesourcethatcreatedus.我相信后者是正确的。我坚信美不仅仅存在于生物学和文化习俗中。美我们身边流淌,充盈、润泽着我们的心田;而其量之充沛,形态之多变已经远远超越了进化本身的需要。我这样说并不意味着美和生存毫无干系;恰恰相反,我相信美和生存之间有着千丝万缕的联系。如果说是自然造就了我们,那么
28、,是美通过自然滋养了我们。Itremindsusoftheshapingpowerthatreachesthroughtheflowerstemandthroughourownhands.Itrestoresourfaithinthegenerosityofnature.BygivingusatasteofthekinshipbetweenourownsmallmindsandthegreatMindoftheCosmos,beautyreassuresusthatweareexactlyandwonderfullymadeforlifeonthisgloriousplanet,inthism
29、agnificentuniverse.Ifindinthataffinityaprofoundsourceofmeaningandhope.Auniversesoprodigalofbeautymayactuallyneedustonoticeandrespond,mayneedoursharpeyesandbrimmingheartsandteemingminds,inordertoclosethecircuitofCreation.无论是一朵花或是一双手,都让我们联想到美的创造力量。美让我们重拾信念-相信自然对于我们的无私恩惠与慷慨。美在人类渺小的心灵和宇宙伟大的精魂之间,化身为一座沟通的
30、桥梁,并以此让我们不再怀疑:在这片恢宏的宇宙中,在这颗璀璨的星球上,人类的存在实为天工之作,神明之意。宇宙和人类对于美的共识,给予我生存的意义与希望。我们的宇宙中,美无处不在;她等待着我们敏锐的眼睛、充实的心灵,和泉涌般的智慧,去发现美,去回应美,由此成全造物的圆满。译者注:本文为美国当代作家司各特罗素桑达(ScottRussellSander,1945-)所写。桑达出生于美国田纳西州(Tennessee)的孟菲斯(Memphis)。1963年,他就读于布朗大学(BrownUniversity),其后,又就读于剑桥大学(CambridgeUniversity)并获得文学博士。1971年,他携妻
31、子(就是本文一开始提到的Ruth,而Eva则是作者的女儿)迁往印地安那州(Indiana)的布鲁明顿(Bloomington),并在那里的印地安那大学(IndianaUniversity)任教至今。印地安那的自然风光给予他创作的灵感,他在作品中对于自然的生动细致描写充分体现出他对环境的关注。本文选自他新近出版的作品寻找希望(HuntingforHope)。(编辑:李吉琴)TheLiteratureofKnowledgeandtheLiteratureofPowerbyThomasDeQuincey知识文学与力量文学托马斯昆西Whatisitthatwemeanbyliterature?Popu
32、larly,andamongstthethoughtless,itisheldtoincludeeverythingthatisprintedinabook.Littlelogicisrequiredtodisturbthatdefinition.Themostthoughtlesspersoniseasilymadeawarethatintheideaofliteratureoneessentialelementissomerelationtoageneralandcommoninterestofmansothatwhatappliesonlytoalocal,orprofessional,
33、ormerelypersonalinterest,eventhoughpresentingitselfintheshapeofabook,willnotbelongtoLiterature.Sofarthedefinitioniseasilynarrowed;anditisaseasilyexpanded.Fornotonlyismuchthattakesastationinbooksnotliterature;butinversely,muchthatreallyisliteratureneverreachesastationinbooks.TheweeklysermonsofChriste
34、ndom,thatvastpulpitliteraturewhichactssoextensivelyuponthepopularmindtowarn,touphold,torenew,tocomfort,toalarmdoesnotattainthesanctuaryoflibrariesintheten-thousandthpartofitsextent.TheDramaagainas,forinstance,thefinestofShakespearesplaysinEngland,andallleadingAthenianplaysinthenoontideoftheAtticstag
35、eoperatedasaliteratureonthepublicmind,andwere(accordingtothestrictestletterofthatterm)publishedthroughtheaudiencesthatwitnessedtheirrepresentationsometimebeforetheywerepublishedasthingstoberead;andtheywerepublishedinthisscenicalmodeofpublicationwithmuchmoreeffectthantheycouldhavehadasbooksduringages
36、ofcostlycopyingorofcostlyprinting.我们所说的“文学”是什么呢?人们,尤其是对此欠考虑者,普遍会认为:文学包括印在书本中的一切。可这种定义无需多少理由便可被推翻。最缺乏思考的人也很容易明白,“文学”这一概念中有个基本要素,即文学或多或少都与人类普遍而共同的兴趣有关;因此,那些仅适用于某一局部、某一行业或仅仅处于个人兴趣的作品,即便以书的形式面世,也不该属于“文学”。就此而论,文学之定义很容易变窄,而它同样也不难拓宽。因为不仅有许多跻身于书卷之列的文字并非文学作品,而且与之相反,不少真正的文学著作却未曾付梓成书。譬如基督教世界每星期的布道,这种篇什浩繁且对民众精神
37、影响极广的讲坛文学,这种对世人起告戒、鼓励、振奋、安抚或警示作用的布道文学,最终能进入经楼书馆的尚不及其万分之一。此外还有戏剧,如英国莎士比亚最优秀的剧作,以及雅典戏剧艺术鼎盛时期的全部主流剧作,都曾作为文学作品对公众产生过影响。这些作品在作为读物出版之前,已通过观看其演出的观众而“出版”了(这正是“出版”一词最严格的意义)。在抄写或印刷都非常昂贵的年代,通过舞台形式“出版”这些剧作远比将它们出版成书效果更佳。Books,therefore,donotsuggestanideacoextensiveandinterchangeablewiththeideaofLiterature;sincem
38、uchliterature,scenic,forensic,ordidactic(asfromlecturersandpublicorators),maynevercomeintobooks,andmuchthatdoescomeintobooksmayconnectitselfwithnoliteraryinterest.Butafarmoreimportantcorrection,applicabletothecommonvagueideaofliterature,istobesoughtnotsomuchinabetterdefinitionofliteratureasinasharpe
39、rdistinctionofthetwofunctionswhichitfulfills.Inthatgreatsocialorganwhich,collectively,wecallliterature,theremaybedistinguishedtwoseparateofficesthatmayblendandoftendoso,butcapable,severally,ofasevereinsulation,andnaturallyfittedforreciprocalrepulsion.Thereis,first,theliteratureofknowledge;and,second
40、ly,theliteratureofpower.Thefunctionofthefirstistoteach;thefunctionofthesecondistomove:thefirstisarudder;thesecond,anoarorasail.Thefirstspeakstothemerediscursiveunderstanding;thesecondspeaksultimately,itmayhappen,tothehigherunderstandingorreason,butalwaysthroughaffectionsofpleasureandsympathy.Remotel
41、y,itmaytraveltowardsanobjectseatedinwhatLordBaconcallsdrylight;but,proximately,itdoesandmustoperateelseitceasestobealiteratureofpoweronandthroughthathumidlightwhichclothesitselfinthemistsandglitteringirisofhumanpassions,desires,andgenialemotions.Menhavesolittlereflectedonthehigherfunctionsofliteratu
42、reastofinditaparadoxifoneshoulddescribeitasameanorsubordinatepurposeofbookstogiveinformation.Butthisisaparadoxonlyinthesensewhichmakesithonorabletobeparadoxical.Wheneverwetalkinordinarylanguageofseekinginformationorgainingknowledge,weunderstandthewordsasconnectedwithsomethingofabsolutenovelty.Butiti
43、sthegrandeurofalltruthwhichcanoccupyaveryhighplaceinhumanintereststhatitisneverabsolutelynoveltothemeanestofminds:itexistseternallybywayofgermorlatentprincipleinthelowestasinthehighest,needingtobedeveloped,butnevertobeplanted.Tobecapableoftransplantationistheimmediatecriterionofatruththatrangesonalo
44、werscale.Besideswhich,thereisararerthingthantruthnamely,power,ordeepsympathywithtruth.Whatistheeffect,forinstance,uponsociety,ofchildren?Bythepity,bythetenderness,andbythepeculiarmodesofadmiration,whichconnectthemselveswiththehelplessness,withtheinnocence,andwiththesimplicityofchildren,notonlyarethe
45、primalaffectionsstrengthenedandcontinuallyrenewed,butthequalitieswhicharedearestinthesightofheaventhefrailty,forinstance,whichappealstoforbearance,theinnocencewhichsymbolizestheheavenly,andthesimplicitywhichismostalienfromtheworldlyarekeptupinperpetualremembrance,andtheiridealsarecontinuallyrefreshe
46、d.Apurposeofthesamenatureisansweredbythehigherliterature,viz.theliteratureofpower.WhatdoyoulearnfromParadiseLost?Nothingatall.Whatdoyoulearnfromacookerybook?Somethingnew,somethingthatyoudidnotknowbefore,ineveryparagraph.Butwouldyouthereforeputthewretchedcookerybookonahigherlevelofestimationthanthedi
47、vinepoem?WhatyouowetoMiltonisnotanyknowledge,ofwhichamillionseparateitemsarestillbutamillionofadvancingstepsonthesameearthlylevel;whatyouoweispowerthatis,exerciseandexpansiontoyourownlatentcapacityofsympathywiththeinfinite,whereeverypulseandeachseparateinfluxisastepupwards,astepascendingasuponaJacob
48、sladderfromearthtomysteriousaltitudesabovetheearth.Allthestepsofknowledge,fromfirsttolast,carryyoufurtheronthesameplane,butcouldneverraiseyouonefootaboveyourancientlevelofearth:whereastheveryfirststepinpowerisaflightisanascendingmovementintoanotherelementwhereearthisforgotten.由此可见,书之概念与“文学”之概念不可相提并论,互相替换,因为许多文学作品,如戏剧演出或演讲者,雄辩家的说教和辩论,也许永远都不会付印成书,而不少印成书册的作品却可能与文学趣味并不相关。不过更为重要的是,要纠正人们对文学普遍的模糊观念,与其去为文学找一个更好的定义,不如更明确地划分文学的两种功能。在那两个被我们统称为文学的庞大社会媒体中,可以分辨出两种