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1、定语从句(Attributive Clauses)修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。引导定 语从句的关联词成为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose 等； 关系副词有 where, when, why 等。关系词常有3个作用：1、引导定语从句。2、代替先行词。3、在定语从句中担当一个成分。 一、关系代词引导的定语从句l.who指人，在从句中做主语，whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(1) The boys who are playing football are from Clas
2、s One.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.2. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(1)
3、This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.3. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者 宾语，做宾语时可省略。(1) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?4. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(1) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen down.二.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语
4、从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.注意：1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look
5、for, look after, take care of等This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)(1) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that；指物时用 which,不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)The tool pith which he is working is called a hamme
6、r. (T)三.关系副词引导的定语从句when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.1. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语Shanghai is the city where I was bom.(1) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.2. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语Please tel
7、l me the reason why you missed the plane.(1) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(1) Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born.关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which”
8、结构，因此常常和介词+ whichH 结构交替使用，例如：Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?注意限制性定语从句只能用that不用which的几种情况领先彳亍词是 anything, everything, nothing (something 除夕卜)，few, all, none, little, some等代词时,或者是由 every, any, all, some,
9、 no, little, few, much 等修饰时(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.(3) All that can be done has been done.(4) There is little that I can do for you.2 .领先行词被序数词修饰(1) The first place that they visited in London wa
10、s the Big Ben.3 .领先行词被形容词最高级修饰时(1) This is the best film that I have seen.4 .当形容词被 the very, the only,the same 修饰时(1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.5 .领先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时(1) Who is the man that is stand
11、ing there?(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6 .领先行词既有人，也有物时(1) Can you remember the teachers and the school that we have visited?7 .当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(l)China is not the countiy (that) it was.只用which不用that的情况：1)关系代词前有介词时；e.g. This is the room in which Lu Xun lived.2)非限定性定语从句中；作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。e.
12、g. That necklace, which you gave me as a present, was lost yesterday.He has a daughter, who works in a hospital.3)先行词本身是that时；e.g. The clock is that which tells the time定语从句专练 一、用关系代词填空：that which、who whom、whose 1 .This is the man wants to see you.2 .The student answered the question is Zhang Hua.3
13、.The man you went to see has come.4 .The man I met yesterday lent me some money.5 .The woman you saw is our geography teacher.6 .The runner you are asking about is over there.7 .The person you should write to is Mr. Ball.8,The man was passing by saw what happened.9 .Here is the pen you lost the day
14、before yesterday.10 .These books you lent me were very useful.11 .The storybook I have just read cannot be easily forgotten.12 .A clock is a machine tells people the time.13 .There is only one thing I can do.14 .A dictionary is a book gives the meaning to the word.15 .The book is on the table is min
15、e.16 .The film they are talking about is very interesting.1.1 1 will never forget the people and the places I have ever visited.1.15 s there anyone family is in Beijing?1.16 how me the boy mother is a well-known singer.20. The boy father is a teacher is good at English.21. Your teacher of Chinese is
16、 a young lady comes from Beijing.22. This is the museum we visited last year.23. Charlie told his mother all had happened.1.1 1 like the house windows face south.25 .The young woman I spoke just now is a young doctor.26 .一Which is your new neighbor, Liu Hua? 一The man T-shirt is red.27 .Were talking
17、about the piano and the pianist were in the concert we attended last night. He told me all he knew.28 . He is one of the experienced engineers in this factory hard work was repaid with thedevelopment of the factory.29 .The first thing we should do is to work out a plan.二、选择最正确答案.The place interested
18、 me most was the Childrens Palace.A. Which B. where C. what D. in which.Do you know the man?A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke.This is the hotel last month.A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed 4.Do you know the year we fi
19、rst met? A. which B. that C. when D. on which.That is the day 1*11 never forget. A. which B. on which C. in which D. when5 .The factory well visit next week is not far from here.A. where B. to which C. which D. in which. Em interested in you have said. A. all that B. all what C. that D. which6 .This
20、 is one of the best films this year.A. that have been shown B. that have shown C. that has been shown.Can you lend me the book the other day?A. about which you talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked lO.The pen he is writing is mine. A. with which B. in which C. on whi
21、ch D. by whichHe talked a lot about things and persons they remembered in the school.A. which B. that C. whom D. whatcan never forget the day we worked together and the day we spent together.A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; whenIs this the factory you visited the other day?A.
22、 that B. where C. in which D. the oneIs this factory some foreign friends visited last Friday?A. that B. where C. which D. the oneIs this the factory he worked ten years ago? A. that B. where C. which D. the one14. Whats the name of the program.A. which are listening B. you are listening toC. to tha
23、t you are listening D. that you are listeningThe students were all interested you told them yesterday.A. in which B. in that this C. all that D. in everythingHe was the only person in his office was invited.A. Whom B. whose C. that D. whichDo you know the student?A. whom I often talk B. with who I o
24、ften talk C. I often talk with D. that I often talk 21. Would you tell me where to get the dictionary?A. what I need B.I need C. which I need it D. that I need itThose not only from books but also through practice will succeed.A. Learn B. who C. that learns D. who learnHe failed in the examination,m
25、ade his father very angry.A. which B. it C. that D. whatWhere is the School English Speech Contest going to be held tonight?一Im not sure. Is it in the hall can hold 300 people?A. Where B. what C. that D. when一What kind of movies do you like? 一I like movies scary monsters.A.which has B. that have C.
26、what has D. why haveThe boy has two lovely dogs.A. whom love next door B. which lives next door C. whom lives next doorD. that lives next doorDont go in, this is the shop wc have just been.A. / to B. that / C. where to D. which thereAll glitters is not goldA. that B. which C. who D. whoseGod helps t
27、hose help themselvesA. that B. which C. who D. whom被动语态(Passive Voice)(一)英语动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被 动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。结构：助动词be +及物动词的过去分词构成。（二）被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化一般现在时：am / is / are + doneRice is grown in the south of the country.一般过去时：was / were + doneA new car factory was built there last mont
28、h.一般将来时：shall / will + be doneCars will be sent abroad by sea.过去将来时：should / would + be doneThe manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.现在进行时：am / is / are + being + doneEnglish lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.过去进行时： was / were + being + done The road was being
29、mended.现在完成时：have / has + been + doneI have been told the sports meeting might be put off.过去完成时：had + been + doneWhen I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+ be + doneYour compositions must be handed in after class.(三)语态转换时所注意的问题.把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原
30、句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的 数要与新主语保持一致。We have bought a new computer. A new computer.1 .含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一 般变间接宾语为主语时比拟多。My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.a present on my birthday.如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，那么在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：A presenton my birthday.注意：1 .一般在以下动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to,如：bring, g
31、ive, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。(1) The book was showed to the class. (2) My bike was lent to her.2 .一般在以下动词后，间接宾语前用介词for,如：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。(1) A new skirt was made for me.(2)
32、 The meat was cooked for us.3 .由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动 词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：不及物动词+ 介词，如：agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。The patient is being operated on.The problem is solved. It neednt be talked about.不及物动词+ 副词：如:bring about, ca
33、rry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。His request was turned down.The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.带复合宾语（宾语+宾补）的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而 宾语补足语保存在谓语动词后面。如：（1） We always keep the cl
34、assroom clean.一The classroom is always kept clean.（2） She told us to follow her instructions.一We were told to follow her instructions.注意：在 see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, find, look at, make, feel 等动词后作宾语补足 语的动词不定式都不带to,但改成被动语态后都带to.We often hear him play the guitar. 一He is often heard to play
35、the guitar.5 .当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否认意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为 anybody,作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否认的被动语态。如： Nobody can answer this question. The question can not be answered by anybody.6 .当否认句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变 为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如： They havent done anything t
36、o make the river clean.Nothing has been done to make the river clean.（四）以下情况主动句不能改为被动句：1 感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel, look, seem, taste, sound, remain2、不及物动词，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：appear, happen, rise,take place, break out, belong to,3、宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被 动句子的主语，如：I taught myself Eng
37、lish.We love each other.4、有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内 在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如：（2）The new product sells well.The books were sold out.（被动句）The meat was cooked for a long time.（被动旬（1 ）The cloth washes easily.比照：The books sell we
38、ll.（主动句）The meat didn 7 cook well.（主动句）（五）在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如:据说Itis said that.据报导It is reported that .据推测It is supposed that.希望Itis hoped that .众所周知It is well known that.普遍认为It is generally considered that.有人建议It is suggested that.1） It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.2
39、） It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.（六）need/require doing =need/require to be done allow doing sh=be allowed to do sth be worth doing 值得做一、选择题（2x15=30分）( )1.a new library in our school last year?A. Is; built B. Was; built C. Does; build D. Did ; build( )2. An accident on
40、 this road last week.A. has been happened B. was happened C. is happened D. happened()3.Cotton (棉花)in the southeast of China.A. is grown B. are grown C. grows D. grow( )4.So far, the moon by man already.A. is visited B. will be visited C. has been visited D. was visited( )5.A talk on Chinese history
41、 in the school hall next week.A. is given B. has been given C. will be given D. gives( )6.How many trees this year?A. are planted B. will plant C. have been planted D. planted( )7. A lot of things by people to save the little girl now.A. are doing B. are being done C. has been done D. will be done(
42、)8.-When this kind of computers? -Last year.A. did; use B. was; used C. is; used D. are; used()9.The Great Wall all over the world.A. knows B. knew C. is known D. was known()10.Who this book?A. did; written B. was; written by C. did; written D. was; written( )1 l.A story by Granny yesterday.A. was t
43、old us B. was told to us C. is told us D. told us( )12.The monkey was seen off the tree.A. jump B. jumps C. jumped D. to jump( )13.The school bagbehind the chair.A. puts B. can be put C. can be putted D. can put ()14.01der people well.A. looks after B. must be looked after C. must look after D. look
44、ed after( )15.0ur teacher carefully.A. should be listened to B. should be listen C. be listened D. is listened 二、用括号内所给动词的正确形式填空。(1x20=20分)(请注意时态和语态) l.Its said(据说)that the long bridge (build) in two months.2. Where to have the meeting (discuss) now.3. Which language the most widely (speak) in the w
45、orld?4. The lost boy (not find) so far.5. Last year a large number of trees (cut) down.6. The students often(tell) to take care of their desks and chairs.7. The old man is ill. He(must send) to the hospital.8. Vegetables, eggs and fruits(sell) in this shop.9. What knives (make) of ?They(make) of met
46、al(金属)and wood.10. Can the magazine(take) out of the library?11. The room(clean) by me every day.12. The stars cant（see） in the daytime.13. Some flowers（water） by Li Ming already.14. This kind of shoes（sell） well.15. How long your uncle（be） in the city?16. The food（smell） delicious.17. Look! Someone
47、（dance）.三、按要求改写以下句子，一空一词。（1x30=3。分）s tea grown in South China?（改为主动语态） people tea in South China?1.1 am given a birthday present by my parents every year. （同义句转换）A birthday present by my parents every year.3 .The work is going to be finished in two days.（对戈U线提问）How the work going to be finished ?4 .
48、 The children will sing an English song.（改为被动语态） An English song by the children.5 . You needn*t do it now.（改为被动语态）It by you now.6 . People use metal for making machines,（改为被动语态） Metal making machines.7 . He made me do that for him,（改为被动语态）I that for him.8 .They are watching the football match.The football match by them.9 .Did they build a bridge here a year ago?（改为被动语态） a bridge here by them a year ago?10