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1、2023年高考复习阅读理解总分值考点考点8.推理判断之写作手法练高考心中有数1.D【2021北京卷】Early fifth-century philosopher St. Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him. Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it. Todays state-of-the-art atom
2、ic （原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right. Even advanced physics can*t decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question youre asking.Forget about time as an absolute. What if, instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology ? What if we allowe
3、d environmental conditions to set the tempo （节奏） of human life? Were increasingly aware of the fact that we cant control Earth systems with engineering alone, and realizing that we need to moderate （调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance. What if our definition of time reflected that?Recently,
4、 I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping thats connected to circumstances on our planet, conditions that might change as a result of global warming. We*re now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers, which are sensitive to local an
5、d global environmental changes. We*ve programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate. If the rivers run faster in the future on average, the clock will get ahead of standard time. If they run slower, youll see the opposite effect.The clock registers bo
6、th short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics. Its a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame （时间框架）,and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones. Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live
7、 in harmony with the planet. Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies.Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars, early agricultural soci
8、eties also connected time to natural phenomena. In pre-Classical Greece, for instance, peoplecorrectedofficial calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season. Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival. Likewise, river time and other timekeepi
9、ng systems were developing may encourage environmental awareness.When St. Augustine admitted his inability to define time, he highlighted one of time *s most noticeable qualities： Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context. Any timekeeping system is valid, and each is as praiseworthy as its p
10、urpose.32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to.A. present an assumptionB. evaluate an argumentC. highlight an experimentD. introduce an approach【答案】32. D【解析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。32.推理判断题。根据第二段的“Were increasingly aware of the fact that we can*t control Earth
11、systems with engineering alone, and realizing that we need to moderate （调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance.（我 们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要 调节我们的行动。）“进而提出问题“What if our definition of time reflected that ?（如果时间的定义反映那些会 怎么样呢广，结合前两个问题“What if, instead of considering time in t
12、erms of astronomy, we related time to ecology? What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo （节奏）of human life?（如果我们不考 虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏 呢厂可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。应选D项。2.12020.全国新课标ni】We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred bill
13、ions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes （基因），they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation
14、（突变）that helps them digest milk as adults.On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are k
15、nown, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, theyve also built houses on stilts （支柱） in coastal waters. They are simply a stranger to the land, said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii resea
16、rcher who studies the Bajau.Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. nWe were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders, Dr. Jubilado said. “I could se
17、e them actually walking under the sea.”In201, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them, it seemed like
18、 the perfect chance fbr natural selection to act on a population/ said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.299What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1 ?A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.B. New knowledge o
19、f human evolution.C. Recent findings of human origin.D. Significance of food selection.【答案】32.B【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数 十亿年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋 生活。32.推理判断题。根据第一段的 we are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occ urred billions of years ago. As
20、scientists look deeper into our genes, they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.（我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十 亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子） 可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几 千年也在进化。B. New knowledge of human evolution.（人类进化的新知识）符合以上说法，应选 B项。3.D【2019
21、天津】Would you BET on the future of this man? He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he determines to write a book.The
22、 book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes, and the book was Don Quixote （堂吉诃德）.And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days, while others go to
23、seed long before?We*ve all known people who run out of steam before they reach lifes halfway mark. Im not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We cant all get there. Tm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions tha
24、t all too often come with passing years.Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to lean, the opportunities are everywhere.The
25、 things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills We learn to bear with the things wecant change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us-an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.With high moti
26、vation and enthusiasm, we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos （自我），whether to loved ones, to fellow humans, to work, or to some moral co
27、ncept.Many of us equate （视等同于）“commitment“ with such “caring“ occupations as teaching and nursing.But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence whether they are driving a truck, or running a store-make the world better just
28、 by being the kind of people they are. Theyve learned lifes most valuable lesson.51. The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that.A. loss of freedom stimulates ones creativityage is not a barrier to achieving one*s goalB. misery inspires a man to fight against his fatedisability canno
29、t stop a mans pursuit of success52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean ?A. End ones struggle for liberty.B. Waste ones energy taking risks.C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.D. Lose the interest to continue learning.53. What could be inferred from Paragraph 4?A. Those who dar
30、e to try often get themselves trapped.B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind.D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.54. What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5 ?A. A tough man can tolerate suffering.B. A wise man ca
31、n live without self-pity.C. A man should try to satisfy people around him.D. A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.55. What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?A. To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.B. To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at wo
32、rk.C. To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.D. To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.【答案】5LB 52. D 53. C 54. D 55. A【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述了如何过一种有意义的成人的生活。51. B推理判断题。根据第一段中此人53岁，有债务，生活不幸，身上还有伤，但他下决心写一本，而且 此书还获得了成功，350年依I日受欢迎，可知作者通过Cervantes的故事来说明年龄不是一个人实现
33、目标的 障碍，故答案为B。52. D词义猜想题。根据划线单词下的作者说我要讨论的是那些停止学习的人的成长，他们在流逝的岁月 里采用的是固定的态度和观点，不想通过学习进步，可知划线短语的意思是“无兴趣学习的人”，故答案为 DoC推理判断题。根据第四段中我们在自己专业的领域里取得成功，然后深陷其中，没有什么使我们吃 惊，我们也没有惊奇的意识，即指我们失去了好奇心。但后一句说，如果我们愿意学习的话，我们还有机 会成功。暗含的意思就是如果我们有好奇心的话，我们就有机会获得成功，故答案为C。53. D推理判断题。作者在文中告诉我们要学会忍受我们不能改变的事物，要学会防止自怜，要学会不管 我们怎么表现，总
34、有人不喜欢我们等等方法，可知第5段的主要意思是告诉我们要用合适的方法去对待生 活。故答案为D。54. A主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，作者通过一个例子引出他的主题：一个人如何过一个有意义的 成年人生活。作者为我们提供了一些指导，要有动力，要有好奇心，要用适当的方式去生活等，故答案为Ao4.B【2018天津卷】When I was 17,1 read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay. She had requested
35、the community to turn it into a museum upon her death. On a sunny Saturday, Sally and I drove over to the museum. She asked, nDo you have the address? No, but Illrecognize it, there was a picture in the magazine. nOh, stop. There it is!”The museum was free. We entered, excited. A group of people sit
36、ting in the hall stopped talking and stared at us.May I help you? a man asked. No, I said. Were fine. Tour guides got on my nerves. What if they talked a long time about a painting you werent that interested in? Sally had gone upstairs. The people in the hall seemed very nosy（爱窥探的），keeping their eye
37、s on me with curiosity. What was their problem? I saw some nice sculptures in one room. Suddenly I sensed a man standing behind me. Where do you think you are? ” he asked. I turned sharply. nThe McNay Art Museum!n He smiled, shaking his head. HSorry, the McNay is on New Braunfels Street.” Whats this
38、 place?” I asked, still confused. Well, ifs our home. My heart jolted（震颤）. I raced to the staircase and called out, nSally! Come down immediately! n“Theres some really good stuff（艺术作品）up there/* She stepped down, looking confused. I pushed her toward the front door, waving at the family, saying, HSo
39、rry, please forgive us, you have a really nice place.n Outside, when I told Sally what happened, she covered her mouth, laughing. She couldn*t believe how long they let us look around without saying anything.The real McNay was splendid, but we felt nervous the whole time we were there. Van Gogh, Pic
40、asso. This time, we stayed together, in case anything else unusual happened.Thirty years later, a woman approached me in a public place. Excuse me, did you ever enter a residence, long ago, thinking it was the McNay Museum?1Yes. But how do you know? We never told anyone.H“That was my home. I was a t
41、eenager sitting in the hall. Before you came over, T never realized what a beautiful place I lived in. I never felt lucky before. You thought it was a museum. My feelings about my home changed after that. Ive always wanted to thank you.*Why did the author describe the real McNay museum in just a few
42、 words?A. The real museum lacked enough artwork to interest her. B. She was too upset to spend much time at the real museum. C. The McNay was disappointing compared with the house. D. The event happening in the house was more significant.【答案】44. D【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。和朋友原想参观NcNay博物馆，到了之后，参观的时候，发现很多 人奇怪地看着她，
43、最后才发现自己误将一个私人住宅当成NcNay博物馆。30年后，一位女士认出误撞入 自己住宅的作者，指出正是因为作者的误撞入才让她意识到自己住的地方有多么美丽。44.写作方法题。根据全文可知，作者着墨点主要在表达参观误当成NcNay博物馆的私人住宅上，故这才 是文章的重心，所以将真正的NcNay博物馆表达一带而过。应选D。5.2012全国卷I , DGrown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever sinc
44、e. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teac
45、h her daughter the poem that begins Twinkle, twinkle, little star or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials（类试）increase the length of tim
46、e we will remember it.In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as Twinkle, twinkle, little star1 and childhood tales such as Cinderella and G
47、oldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.The multiplication tables（乘法口诀表）are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.The law of overlearning explains why cramming（突击学习）for an
48、 examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, i
49、s really necessary for ones future development.68.The author explains the law of over learning by.A. presenting research findingssetting down general rulesB. making a comparisonusing examples【答案】68. D【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。成年人常常惊叹他们能很好地记住儿时学过的东西。作者认为这是儿时 过度学习的结果，是因为当我们儿时学会一样东西的时候，我们不是就此停止，而是继续学习，才使我们 记忆深刻。文章用例证法说明了“过度学习”的概念。最后作者谈到了“过度学习”的好处和突击学习的弊端。【答案】D【解析】根据文章