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1、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别专题与练习一、现在完成时1 .现在完成时的构成现在完成时是由助动词have （has）+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范 围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。2 .现在完成时的用法现在完成时表示过去某时发生的行为对主语目前产生的影响。即用过去发生的某个行为来 说明现在的某种情况。We are good friends.（现在的情况）I knew him in 1997.（过去的动作）We have known each other since 1997.（现在完成时把过去的动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在）（1
2、）表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、 already yet等副词修饰。如：-Have you had lunch yet?-Yes, I have. Pve just had it.你（已经）吃午饭了吗？我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了）（2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可 能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如：He has taught here since 1981他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）I havent seen her for four years.我有四
3、年没见到她了。3表示说话前发生过一次或屡次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过，常带有 twice, ever,never, three times 等时间状语。如：I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。3 .现在完成时的时间状语(1)现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday,!ast Sunday,in 1990,three years ago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不 确定的时间状语连用。a.用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet 一般用于否认句和疑问句
4、中。如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。They havent finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。b.用ever和never。多用于否认或疑问句中，表示“曾经或“从未等。如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗？-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just, before, up to now, the past few years等。例如：I
5、have seen her before, but I can not remember where.我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。He has been there three times the last few days.近几天他去过那里三次了。d.用包括“现在在内的时间状语，如：now, today, this morning (month, year, term)等。例如：-Have you met him today? -No, I havent.今天你见过他吗？我 没有。How many times have you been there this year?今年你去过那里多
6、少次？(2现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间的状语连用，表示动作或状态 从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。如：I havenft seen him for two years, 但是，像come,arrive,buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间的状语连用。要用，必须改为“be在) 等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换： arrive一be herebegin(start)一be ondiebe deadcome back一be backleave be awayfell ill(sick,asleep)一be ill(sick9asleep)
7、get up一be upgo out 一be outfinish 一be overput on一wear 或 be onopenbe openjoin一be in 或 be a member of.close 一be closedgo to schoolbe a studentborrow 一 keepbuy一 havecatch(a cold)一have(a cold) get to know 一knowbegin to studystudycome to work一work 等如：He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年 了。His fathe
8、r has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟 了。We have studied English for three years.我们(开始学英语已三年 了。4 .几点考前须知 have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：have been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来 了)，可用于各人称；havegone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)，常用于第三 人称，前者可与once ,never, several times等连用，后者那么不
9、能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。He has gone to Beijing . 他去 1 匕京 了。(2如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。如：It is two years since his father died.=His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有两年了。3终止性动词现在完成时的否认式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：I haven!t left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一
10、直没有离开过这儿。(4)表示行为或状态从过去一直持续到现在时，用现在完成时，要加表示一段时间的时间 状语时，常用for+一段时间，since+时间点。I have lived here since my childhood.我从小就一直住在这里。I have lived here for 10 years.我在这已经住了 10 年了。(5)在提问现在完成时的时间状语时通常用how longHow long have you lived here?注意：在表示某一行为状态持续多长时间时，根据终止时间的不同，时态使用是不一样的。 如：I lived here for a week last sum
11、mer.去年夏天我在这里住 了 一周。I have lived here for a week by now.到现在为止，我已经在这里住了一周。I will live here for a week next year.明年我会在这里住一周。二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果确实和现在有联系。动作或 状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；而一般过去时表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关 系。I have just been to London. I went there last month.我刚去过伦敦，是上个月去的。1 .过去时表示过去某时发
12、生的动作或单纯表达过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过 去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2 .过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时 间状语。一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week, .ago, in 1980, in October, just now,具体的时间状语共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, once, before, already, recently, lately现在完成时的时间状语for, since, so far, ever, ne
13、ver, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,3 .现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有 come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married 等。举例:I saw this film yesterday.强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film.I have seen this film.（强调对现在的
14、影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）Why did you get up so early?Why did you get up so early?强调起床的动作已发生过了。）Who hasnt handed in his paper?Who hasnt handed in his paper?强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）She has returned from Paris.She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。He has been in the League for three years.（
15、在团内的状态可延续）He has been a League member for three years.（是团员的状态可持续）He joined the League three years ago.（ 三年前入团，joined 为短暂行为。）I have finished my homework now.-Will somebody go and get Dr. White?-Hes already been sent for.句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in I960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has writte
16、n a letter to his parents last night.对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.二、练习题LA,用 already 或 yet1) Have they taken down the old pictures? No, they havent.2) Most of us have finished our compositions.3) He said he hadnt visited the exhibition8) 用 since 或 for1) We have learned five lessons
17、the beginning of this term.2) Mrs Liao has been in hospital last week.3) I have stayed at my aunfs two weeks.C.用 have gone 或 have been1 ) Where are the boy students? They to the school factory.2 ) Is your father in? No, he to Shenzhen.he ever there before ?Yes,he there several times3 ) He asked me i
18、f I to Hangzhou before.I told him that I wanted to go there for a visit as I never to that city before.4 .选择填空1 .Mother1 .Motherme a new coat yesterday. Iit on. It fits me well.A. had made.have tried B. made.have triedC. has made.triedC. has made.triedD. made.tried2 “He to draw horses already,When h
19、e ?” Last year A. learned.hasB. learned.did C. has learned.has D. has learned.did5 .Tom up into the tree. Look, he high up there !A. has got.is B. has climbed.was C. got .wasD. climbed.is.you the text yet ? Yes, we it two hours ago.A. Did.copy.did B. Have.copied.haveC. Have.copied.did D. Did .copy.h
20、ad. Why she angry ? Because he at her just now .A. did.get.shoutedB. has.got.shoutedC. did.get.has shoutedC. did.get.has shoutedD. has.got.has shouted.you the film before ? Where you it ?A. Have .seen.did.seeB. Did .see.did.watchC. Have.seen.have.seenD. Did .see.have.seen6 .You me waiting for two ho
21、urs. I for you since five.A. kept.waitedB. have kept.waitedC. kept.have waitedD. have kept.have waited7 Where John? To the library. He there for an hour.A.has.been.has gone B. has.gone.has beenC. did.go.went D. did.be.wentthe baby still? No, it crying.A. Has.cried.has stoppedB. Is.crying.stoppedC. D
22、id .cry.stoppedD. Is.crying.has stopped1.1 1 the way. I here for quite many years.A. knew.have lived B. knew.live C. know.have lived D. know.liveyou ever America ? Yes, I have.A. Have.gone toB. Have.gone in C. Have.been to D. Have .been inMy brother college for over three years.A. has gone toB. has
23、been to C. has been inD. has been atHe the Army by the end of 1989. He in the army since then.A. joined.isB. has joined. has beenC. had joined. isD. had joined .has beenBy the time I back they up ten satellites.A. came.have sentB. came.had sent C. come.have sent D. had come.sentJack over five lesson
24、s by seven oclock. Then he a rest.A. went.took B. went.had taken C. had gone.took D. had gone.had takenWe out by that time that he a spy for a long time.A. had found.had been B. had found.was C. found.had beenD. found.wasBefore the news him, he to know about it.A. reaches.has gotB. reached.had gotC.
25、 reached.got D. had reached.got1 him a second letter before I from him.A. wrote.heard B. wrote.had heard C. had written.heard D. have written.hearPeople that the soldiers fighting.A. say.had stopped B. said.has stopped C. say.stoppedD. said.had stoppedWe in a good harvest because we enough rain.A. d
26、idnt get.had hadB. got.had hadC. had got.had had D. got.hadnt hadThey for five hours when they in New York.A. flew.arrivedB. had flown.had arrivedC. flew.had arrivedD. had flown.arrived19. She that it for two days by that day.A. says.has rained B. says.had rainedC. said.had rained D. said.rainedJohn
27、 there since the year before, so he them.A. had worked.knewB. had worked.had knownC. worked.knewD. worked.had known20. He angry because he for a long time.A. had got.had waited B. got.waited C. had got.waitedD. got.had waited-I have seen the film Titanic“ already.-When you it ?-The day before yester
28、day.A. have； seen B. will； see C. did； see D. did； seenMr Black in China since five years ago.A. livedB. has livedC. livesD. is going to liveWe trees last Sunday. So far we over 3， 000 trees there.A. planted；plantedB. planted；have plantedC. have planted； planted D. have planted； have planted练习答案:l.A. 1) yet, yet2) already3) yetB. 1) since2) since3) sinceC. 1) have been2) has gone, Has, been, has been3) have been, have been2. BDACA ADBDC CDDBC ABCDB DCADC BB