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1、1.What is culture?On the surface:customs and behavior More deeply:what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following themIn a word:Culture is all about meanings Hall:Culture is everything and everywhere 4.What is Communication?It comes from the Latin word“communicare”,it means to giv
2、e or to exchange.Now,the most common meaning of“communication”is to give or exchange information or ideas.Communication is our ability to share our ideas and feelings.(the basis of all human contact)Communication is a dynamic,systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human in
3、teraction with symbols.(J.T.Wood)Elements of communicationContext(location,time,light,temperature,seating arrangements)Participants(relationship,gender,culture)Messages(meanings,symbols,encoding and decoding)Channels(sound,sight,smell,taste,touch)Noise(external noise,internal noise,semantic noise)fe
4、edbackLinear Model of CommunicationSenderReceiverChannel(message)encodingdecodingnoiseIs this an effective model of communication?Mode of CommunicationInteractive Model of CommunicationSenderReceiverSenderReceiverencodingdecodingnoiseFeedback is essential to good communicationdecodingencodingmessage
5、/channelmessage/channel5.Characteristics of communication1)Communication is dynamic2)Communication is interactive3)Communication is irreversible4)Communication takes place in both a physical and social context.6.Intercultural CommunicationSamovar&Porter Intercultural communication is communication b
6、etween people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities.Intercultural Communication Vs Cross-cultural CommunicationCross-cultural communica
7、tion the similarities and differences in value orientations,affective dispositions,relationship management,communicative styles(psychological process)Intercultural communication the penetration by a member of one culture into another culture(practical significance)Warm-up:Read the following sayings
8、aloud,and discuss with your partner:what do they mean to you?Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature,but habits and customs keep them apart.-Confucian sayingOne mans meat is another mans poison.-English proverbGod gave to every people a cup,cup of clay,and from this cup they dr
9、ank life They all dipped in the water,but their cups were different.-R.Benedict High-context Culture:In high-context messages,meaning is not necessarily contained in words.Information is provided through gestures,the use of space,and even silence.Meaning is also conveyed through status(age,sex,educa
10、tion,family background,title,and affiliation).Examples of high-context cultures include Chinese,Japanese,Middle EasternersChinese,Japanese,Middle Easterners,etc.Low-context Culture:In low-context messages,the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code.Examples of low-context cultures
11、 include English,North American,German,etc.Summary:language and cultureLanguage is a reflection of culture,and culture is a reflection of language.Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols,as well as our perceptions of the universe(the meaning associated with th
12、e symbols).Language,on the other hand,would seem to have a major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world.What is verbal communicationVerbal:connected with words and their useVerbal communication:communication done both orally and in written languageEasier to use words
13、to represent ones experiences within the same culture because people share many similar experiences.More troublesome in verbal communication across cultures because peoples experiences,beliefs,values,customs,traditions and the like are different.How different thinking patterns affect our life?Wester
14、n medicine Vs traditional Chinese medicineWestern cookingDifferent views on contracts-Westerners value objectivity,specificity and precision and make sense of the world by reasoning and analyzing.-Chinese are more subjective and value intuition a lot,through which they get an insight into things aro
15、und them.4.Communication Styles and CultureCompare the following two spoken discourse and decide which one might be given by a Chinese and which by an American?A.Because most of our production is done in China now,and its not really certain how Hong Kong will be like after 1997,and since I think a c
16、ertain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense.So,I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision.Inductive pattern(topic delayed)Which is given by a Chinese?Which by an American?B.I suggest that we delay making our dec
17、ision until after Legco makes its decision.Thats because I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense.In addition to that,most of our production is done in China now,and its not really certain how Hong Kong will be like after 1997.deductiv
18、e pattern(topic first)Different Communication Styles2 2）东方：归纳法（个别）东方：归纳法（个别一般）一般）VS VS 西方：演绎（一般西方：演绎（一般个别）个别）induction(specific induction(specific general)deduction (general specific)Chinese Inductive?American deductive?In the east,people sometimes adopt the deductive pattern.(in a close relationshi
19、p or relatively equal status)In the west,people do not exclude the use of inductive pattern.(borrow money,or ask for a big,embarrassing favor)In both the east and west,the person in a higher status tends to use the deductive pattern while the one in a lower status tends to use the inductive pattern.
20、1.1.Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal CommunicationNonverbal codes refer to communicative messages which are not in word form.More than 55%messages are communicated nonverbally!Definition:(1)“Metacommunication(beyond the usual commmunication),paralinguistics,second-order messages,the silent language,
21、and the hidden dimension of communication.”(Hall,1959)Definition:(2)Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.(Samovar an
22、d Porter,2004)1.1 Body LanguageBody language refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated with body movements.Body language includes gestures,head movements,facial expressions,eye behaviors,postures and other displays that can be used to communicate.(1)General Appearance and DressConcern with
23、how one appears is universal.We make inferences(often faulty)about anothers“intelligence,gender,age,approachability,financial well-being,class,tastes,values,and cultural background”from attractiveness,dress,and personal artifacts.Do you select attractive friends over less attractive ones?1.2 Paralan
24、guage(伴随语言伴随语言)It refers to voice characteristics and vocal qualities.Paralinguistics is the study of such non-semantic aspects of speech as tone,volume,pitch and tempo,pause and the like which are together with verbal information.Our voice may be one of the most informative elements in building up
25、our images.(1)Pitch Pitch decides hesitation or emphasis.When one is excited,his/her voice would be high in pitch,quick in rate,and there will be no pauses between sentences;When one is sad or depressed,his/her voice traits would surely be the opposite.(2)Volume Control The English always speak in l
26、ower voice than Chinese when they make speech or a lecture,or talking with each other,or phoning.But Chinese often speak in loud voice in the aforesaid occasions.American are more skilled in regulating their voice volume and use very many different volume levels depending on the size of the audience
27、 and the physical environment.(3)Silence Silence can be longer between friends or intimates than the strangers who have to converse.Chinese pay more attention to the function of silence in the talking,and think that the pauses and silence have rich meanings.Silence may have many possible meanings:ag
28、reement-disagreement,thoughtful-ignorance,consideration-inconsideration,secrecy,coldness,submission,boredom and so on.Time systems(Hall,1976):Do you still remember time orientation?1)Monochronic Time(M-Time)2)Polychronic Time(P-Time)美国人类学家霍尔（美国人类学家霍尔（Edward Hall）在）在超越超越文化文化（Beyond Culture）一书中首次区分了）一
29、书中首次区分了两种不同的时间观念两种不同的时间观念,即即“单向计时制单向计时制”（monochronic time）和）和“多向计时制多向计时制”（polychronic time)Monochronic Time(M-Time)It schedules one event at a time.In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.e.g.American People “单向计时制重视日程安排、阶
30、段时间和准时”,认为“时间是线性的、可分割的，就象一条道路或带子向前伸展到未来，向后延伸到过去”。Monochronic Time(M-Time)在我们看来，同时做两件事几乎有点不道德。”持有这种时间取向的英美人士把时间看成具体实在（tangible）的东西,可以节省（save）、花费（spend）、赚得（earn）、浪费（waste）、失去（lose）、弥补（make up）、计量(measure）、甚至当成商品一样买卖（buy,sell）和拥有（have）。美国人特别强调把时间分割成不同的时段来安排活动,强调守时,严格按照日程一次做一件事情（do one thing at a time）P
31、olychronic Time(P-Time)P-time schedules several activities at the same time.It is more flexible and more humanistic.People from P-time system emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules.They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.e.g.Chinese,Latin American,A
32、rab and most Asian cultures Definition of EthnocentrismDefinition “the view of things in which ones own group is the center of everything,and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it”(William G.Sumner)Examples “China is a country with a long history.”“arranged marriage”Reason for ethnoce
33、ntric ideas All cultures have the tendency to use the categories of ones own culture to evaluate the actions of others.Negative Impact of Ethnocentrism If people believe that their culture is the only true culture,they will discriminate against people who manifest cultural norms that fail to corresp
34、ond to their values and behaviors.StereotypesDefinition Stereotypes are a form of generalization about some group of people,or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people.(Walter Lippmann)Reasons Human beings have a psychol
35、ogical need to categorize and classify.PrejudiceDefinition It refers to negative attitudes towards other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes.It is an unfair,biased,or intolerant attitude towards another group of people.(Lusting&Koester)Examples Example 1:“Those Germans did it
36、once,so I can never trust any of them ever again.”Example 2:“Dont pay the Mexicans very much.They dont have any education and will work for almost nothing.”DiscriminationIt refers to the behavioral manifestations of the prejudice,it can be thought of as prejudice“in action”.(Lusting&Koester)RacismTh
37、e belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others.What is Culture Shock?Definition Troublesome feelings such as depression,loneliness,confusion,inadequacy,hostility,frustration,and tension,caused by the loss of familiar cues fr
38、om the home culture.(Linell Davis)2.AcculturationIt is culture change that results from continuous firsthand contact between two distinct cultural groups.It is through acculturation that personal transformation from cultural contact takes place.Acculturation includes psychological,physiological and social changes.