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1、MarkTwain,(马克吐温)SamuelLanghorneClemens（塞缪尔朗赫恩克莱门斯）(1835-1910)第1页Mark TwainMark Twainan American Icon第2页第3页Mark Twain(1835-1910)Mark Twain was a great American writer,and he was also a famous speaker.Samuel Langhorne Clemens(Mark Twain)was born in Florida and he was not a healthy baby.In fact,he was
2、not expected to live through the first winter.But with his mothers tender care,he managed to survive.As a boy,he caused much trouble for his parents.He used to play jokes on all of his friends and neighbors.He didnt like to go to school,and he constantly ran away from home.第4页Mark Twain(1835-1910)He
3、 always went in the direction of the nearby Mississippi as he loved the great river so much.His father died when he was 12.Mark Twain left school and began to work for a printer,who only provided him with food and clothing.Then,he worked as a printer,a riverboat pilot and later joined the army.But s
4、hortly after that he became a miner.During this period,he started to write short stories.Afterwards he became a full-time writer.第5页 “Mark Twain was a lifelong creator and keeper of scrapbooks（剪贴本）.He took them with him everywhere and filled them with souvenirs,pictures,and articles about his books
5、and performances.But in time,he grew tired of the lost glue,rock-hard paste,and the swearing that resulted from the standard scrapbook process.So,he came up with the idea of printing thin strips of glue on the pages to make updates neat and easy to do.In 1872,he patented his“self-pasting”scrapbook,a
6、nd by 1901,at least 57 different types of his albums were available.It would be his only invention that ever made money.”第6页Inspired by his invention of the scrapbook,this electronic scrapbook records information about probably the most famous and beloved humorist,satirist,and entertainer in America
7、n history and illustrates some of Mark Twains quotations about every aspect of our lives.第7页As a young man Twain worked as a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River.When he started his writing career,Samuel Clemens adopted the name“Mark Twain,”which meant two fathoms,a safe depth for a riverboat.Pi
8、ctures from www.pbs.org第8页In 1861,Samuel Clemens avoided the brewing Civil War by going west.He took his first writing job as reporter at the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise.Serious news was often mixed with“reports”that had to be taken with a grain of salt（有保存旳）.Soon,he began using the name Ma
9、rk Twain and affixing it to sketches,reportage,and an occasional hoax.It was a time when he first discovered his talent,his calling（职业）,and his voice.Pictures from www.pbs.org第9页At 34 years of age he married Olivia Langdon Clemens.She was the daughter of a New York coal magnate,a member of the count
10、rys wealthy elite.She would be partner,editor,and fellow traveler in success and failure for the next thirty-five years.She would also furnish him her familys home in Elmira,New York,a place where he visited often and wrote many of his best-loved books.Pictures from www.pbs.org第10页“I vividly remembe
11、r seeing a dozen black men and women chained to one another,once,and lying in a group on the pavement,awaiting shipment to the Southern slave market.Those were the saddest faces I have ever seen.”Mark TwainThough his most famous novel is criticized for being racist,Mark Twain never expected nor inte
12、nded the controversy that arose with the publication of Huckleberry Finn.Mark Twain was not racist,but depicted life in his times.Pictures from www.pbs.org第11页“I have no color prejudices nor caste（社会等级）prejudices nor creed prejudices.All I care to know is that a man is a human being,and that is enou
13、gh for me;he cant be any worse.Pictures from www.pbs.org第12页By 1900 Twain had become Americas foremost celebrity.He was invited to attend ship launchings,anniversary gatherings,political conventions,and countless dinners.Reporters met him at every port of call,anxious to print a new quip（妙语）from the
14、 famous humorist.To enhance his image,he took to wearing white suits and loved to stroll down the street and see people staring at him.Pictures from www.pbs.org第13页In time,the Clemens home became a revolving door for the leading names of the day:Howells,Sherman,Cable,Harte,and others.But it also saw
15、 Clemens involve himself in fanciful investment schemes that led to his bankruptcyand eventual departure.Pictures from www.pbs.org第14页Because of financial problems,Clemens lived in Europe from 1891-1901,but this was neither his first nor last trip abroad.In fact,he was an inveterate（成僻旳）traveler.Fro
16、m the age of 17 to the last few weeks of his life he was always discovering new places and revisiting old.He crisscrossed the Atlantic more than a dozen times and also saw Turkey,Palestine,Hawaii,Australia,India,and South Africa.Pictures from www.pbs.org第15页He developed as a speaker and traveled on
17、lecture circuits,much in demand.His early performances combined humor,information and eloquence in measures that delighted most people.Pictures from www.pbs.org第16页When he died on April 21,1910,newspapers around the country declared,“The whole world is mourning.”By then,Sam Clemens had long since ce
18、ased to be a private citizen.He had become Mark Twain,a proud possession of the American nation.“I was sorry to have my name mentioned as one of the great authors,because they have a sad habit of dying off.Chaucer is dead,Spencer is dead,so is Milton,so is Shakespeare,and Im not feeling so well myse
19、lf.”Mark TwainPictures from www.pbs.org第17页“I came in with Halleys Comet（哈雷慧星）in 1835.It is coming again next year(1910),and I expect to go out with it.It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I dont go out with Halleys Comet.The Almighty has said,no doubt:Now here are these two unaccoun
20、table freaks;they came in together,they must go out together.Mark Twain died in 1910,the year Halleys Comet appeared.Pictures from www.pbs.org第18页Mark Twain was one of the great artists of all time.He was and is one authentic giant of our national literature.Twains quotes and humor are as popular to
21、day as at any time in American history.第19页“Wisdom teaches us that none but birds should go out early,and that not even birds should do it unless they are out of worms.”第20页“Fleas can be taught nearly anything that a Congressman can.”It could probably be shown by facts and figures that there is no d
22、istinctly native American criminal class except Congress.Picture from www.pbs.org第21页“Get a bicycle.You will not regret it.If you live.”Picture from Dave Thomson collection:第22页“Everyone is a moon,and has a dark side which he never shows to anybody.”Picture from Dave Thomson collection:第23页“Nothing
23、is made in vain,but the fly came near it.”“Id rather have ten snakes in the house than one fly.”第24页“Of all Gods creatures there is only one that cannot be made the slave of the lash.That one is the cat.If man could be crossed with the cat it would improve man,but it would deteriorate the cat.”Pictu
24、re from Dave Thomson collection:第25页“The dog is a gentleman;I hope to go to his heaven,not mans.”Picture from Dave Thomson collection:第26页“The best way to cheer yourself up is to try to cheer somebody else up.”“Humor is mankinds greatest blessing.”第27页“In the first place God made idiots.This was for
25、 practice.Then he made School Boards（地方教育董事会）.”Picture from Dave Thomson collection:第28页“By trying we can easily learn to endure adversity（不幸、逆境）-another mans I mean.”Picture from Dave Thomson collection:第29页“Be respectful to your superiors,if you have any.”第30页“Classic-a book which people praise an
26、d dont read.”“The man who does not read good books has no advantage over the man who cant read them.”第31页“The holy passion of Friendship is of so sweet and steady and loyal and enduring a nature that it will last through a whole lifetime,if not asked to lend money.Picture from Dave Thomson collectio
27、n:第32页“It is better to keep your mouth shut and appear stupid than to open it and remove all doubt.”第33页“Good breeding（教养）consists in concealing how much we think of ourselves and how little we think of the other person.第34页“Humor is mankinds greatest blessing.”Picture from Dave Thomson collection:第
28、35页第36页第37页第38页第39页第40页第41页第42页第43页第44页第45页第46页第47页第48页第49页RealismA Response to RomanticismTried very hard to capture life exactly as it was,rather than romanticizing itRather than focus on emotion or prize it,realists tried to prevent their works from being filtered through their emotional lensesCh
29、aracters came from poorer,super-rural or super-urban backgroundsIncluded workers at factories,people living in slums,etc.the types of people who never showed up as romantic heroesTwain as a Realist第50页Twain as a RealistTwain is one of the greatest realists possibly the greatest of all time.One of th
30、e reasons hes so great is that he dares to examine the“whys”why does society have problems?Why do characters experience conflicting emotions?Why do we act the way we do?第51页Mark Twain and his masterpiecesThe Adventure of Tom Sawyer was an immediate success as“a boys book”;its sequel,The Adventures o
31、f Huckleberry Finn became his masterpiece,the one book from which,as Ernest Hemingway noted,“all modern American literature comes.”Life on the Mississippi is another masterpiece of his.第52页Mark Twain and his masterpiecesIn his later works the change from an optimist and humorist to an almost despair
32、ing determinist（决定论者）is unmistakable.Some critics link this change with the tragic events of his later life,the failure of his investments,his fatiguing travels and lectures in order to pay off his debts,and added to this,the death of his wife and two daughters which left him absolutely inconsolable
33、（极为伤心旳）.第53页Samuel Clemens Major WorksThe Gilded Age 镀金时代镀金时代writtenincollaborationwithCharlesDudleyWarnerLife on the Mississippi密西西比河上密西西比河上A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court亚瑟亚瑟王朝里旳康涅狄格州美国佬王朝里旳康涅狄格州美国佬The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug败坏了哈德败坏了哈德莱堡旳人莱堡旳人The Mysterious Stranger神秘旳陌生人神秘旳陌生人Aut
34、obiographyTheseworkscontainbitterattacksonthehumanrace第54页The Innocents Abroad傻子国外旅行傻子国外旅行记记Roughing It艰难岁月艰难岁月Puddnhead Wilson傻瓜维尔逊傻瓜维尔逊The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫王子与贫民民 American Claimant美国申请人美国申请人第55页 Mark Twains Writing Features1.local colourrepresented social life through portraits of local pl
35、aces which he knew best drew from his own rich fund of knowledge of people and places tall tales(highly exaggerated)a texture of most local color literature，a kink of humor第56页2.Literature is an art of language.Mark Twains language is artistic and like a sharp weapon without doubt.Mark Twain is famo
36、us for his humor and satire.He used the artistic style of hyperbole（夸张法）on the basis of the western traditional humor and made his writing full of allegories that lay behind the humor.Mark Twains Writing Features第57页Mark Twains Writing Features humour is of witty remarks mocking at small things and
37、making people laughis a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice第58页3.Heusedalotofcolloquialidiomsandcolloquialsyntax.a master oflanguage shortconcrete direct in effect simple,even ungrammatical sentence&structures words he used colloquial language,vernacular language,dialects A
38、merican dialect an American language Mark Twains Writing Features第59页4.He often described persons who was innocent,simple,naive,and ignorant as his heroes or heroines.Mark Twains Writing Features第60页The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnMark Twain“All American literature comes from one book by Mark Twai
39、n called Huckleberry Finn its the best book weve had.”-Earnest Hemingway第61页SummaryWritten in 1885 but takes place in the 1840s-Huckleberry Finn,14,grows up in St.Petersburg,Missouri with no mother and an alcoholic father who has skipped town.Huck is being cared for by two women:Widow Douglas and he
40、r sister Miss Watson.Huck likes to skip school and hang out with his best friend,Tom Sawyer.第62页Summary Part TwoHucks dad,Pap,returns and imprisons Huck in a cabin outside of town.Huck escapes and runs into Jim,a black slave,who is also trying to escape.The bulk of the story chronicles Huck and Jims
41、 travels down the Mississippi River and the continued trouble they seem to get themselves into.第63页Special point of view of The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnSerious social problems discussed through the narration of a little illiterate boy第64页Language Features of the NovelColloquial style:a very im
42、portant contribution of this novel to American literatureFeatures of the language used in the novel:mostly Anglo-Saxon in origin,short,concrete and direct in effect;sentence structure is mostly simple or compound;ungrammatical elementsMark Twain made the colloquial speech an accepted,respectable lit
43、erary medium in the literary history of America.第65页AnExcerptfromChapter31ofAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnOnceIsaidtomyselfitwouldbeathousandtimesbetterforJimtobeaslaveathomewherehisfamilywas,aslongashedgottobeaslave,andsoIdbetterwritealettertoTomSawyerandtellhimtotellMissWatsonwherehewas.ButIsoongiveu
44、pthatnotion,fortwothings:shedbemadanddisgustedathisrascalityandungratefulnessforleavingher,andsoshedsellhimstraightdowntheriveragain;andifshedidnt,everybodynaturallydespisesanungratedfulnigger,andtheydmakeJimfeelitallthetime,andsohedfeelorneryanddisgraced.Andthenthinkofme!Itwouldgetallaround,thatHuc
45、kFinnhelpedaniggertogethisfreedom;andifIwastoeverseeanybodyfromthattownagain,Idbereadytogetdownandlickhisbootsforshame.第66页The key to understanding Twains novel is by realizing that its a satire.第67页What is Satire?Satire-usingsarcasmtodenounceorexposesomethingfoolishSo what is Twain trying to denoun
46、ce?Racism.Irony-Opposite of literal meaning:I have a ton of homework-how nice!(this is also sarcasm)Ortheoppositeofwhatisexpectedtohappen:Twain creates a racist protagonist to prove his point that racism is wrong.第68页The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnThemesHumanism will finally win第69页Racism&Slavery
47、This hovers over the text at all times,most obviously when Jim is featured.written after Emancipation Proclamation abolished slavery,but time period of story set during slavery during Reconstruction,a less institutionalized form of slavery existed in the South(Jim Crow laws)allegorical portrayal of
48、conditions of“blacks”in U.S.after end of slaveryhypocrisy of“civilized”society which values morality,but condones slavery第70页Hypocrisy of“Civilized”Societysocietys laws(Miss Watson and Widow Douglas)vs.higher moral values(Huck and Jim)rules and precepts that reflect faulty logiccivilized vs.naturala
49、“just”society that condones slaveryunsteady justice is blinded by cowardice,prejudice,and a lack of common senseseemingly good and characters are slave-owners第71页Freedomimportance of individual thinking and ideasescaping an illogical and oppressive societyMississippi River as a safe havenslavery vs.
50、libertyoutcasts labeled by“citizens”are arguably the only truly free characters第72页Maturation and Developmenta significant factor in Hucks moral education is his youthbeing open-minded is a quality that Huck represents,as a child,which allows for his development and maturationHucks relationship with