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1、2018年江苏南京航空航天大学英语考研真题I. Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are fourchoices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose ONE answer that best completes the sentence.1. “Why didnt you buy it?” “I _ but I didnt have the money.”A. w
2、ould B. would have C. had had D. had bought2. The board deemed it urgent that these files _ right away.A. had to be printed B. should have been printedC. must be printed D. should be printed3. I have heard both colleagues and boss _ well of him.A. to speak B. spoken C. to have spoken D. speak4. Jean
3、 worked just so much _.A. like what she was told to B. as she was told toC. as to what she tried to do D. like she was told to5. This union, _ the 1990s, provides financial assistance to support laid-off workers.A. when it was founded B. was founded C. which was founded in D. was founded in6. As he
4、was blamed for damage he hadnt caused, indignation _ up in him.A. surged B. appeared C. rose D. soared7. If the fire alarm is sounded, all students are requested to _ in the courtyard.A. converge B. assemble C. crowd D. accumulate8. If Peter wins tomorrow, he _ thirty races in the past four years.A.
5、 will win B. has won C. would have won D. will have won9. Petrol is manufactured from the _ oil we take out of the ground.A. rough B. raw C. crude D. tough10. The size of the audience, _ we had expected, was well over one thousand.A. whom B. as C. who D. that11. Human behavior is mostly a product of
6、 learning, _ the behavior of animal depends mainly on instinct.A. so B. unless C. however D. whereas12. He _ the meeting, but upon learning that they would discuss something irrelevant to his field of study,he dropped the idea.A. was going to attend B. had attended C. were to attend D. would have at
7、tended13. The computer is the only one _ to issue tickets on the plane.A. to allow B. allowed C. allowing D. to have allowed14. So confused _ that he didnt know how to start his lecture.A. since he became B. that he became C. would he become D. did he become15. Nuclear science should be developed to
8、 benefit people _ harm them.A. more than B. rather than C. other than D. better than16. This rock has to be _ in order to build a road.A. blasted B. explored C. hired D. maintained17. When they returned to the river, they found that the boat had _ away.A. framed B. frosted C. frowned D. floated18. T
9、he English proverb “_ the rod and spoil the child” means that if you keep from punishing the child,you will spoil its character.A. rule B. spare C. clap D. rug19. After people have learned that magnets attract things, centuries passed _ they took note of the fact thatmagnets sometimes also repel thi
10、ngs.A. before B. until C. after D. since20. In that country, students will be _ admittance to their classroom if they are not properly dressed.A. declined B. deprived C. denied D. desertedII. Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. For each of them there are f
11、our choices markedA., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage 1A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better
12、 to tell a story than to read it out of a book and, if a parent can produce an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulses. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a cont
13、rolled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. On the whole, their symbolic verbaldischarge seems to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think,well-authenticated cases of childre
14、n being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having been told the story on only one occasion. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stor
15、ies on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc. do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find suchpeople, I m
16、ust confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girlfriend.
17、No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has ever believed that it was.21. The author considers that a fairy story is more effective when it is _.A. repeated without variation B. treated with reverenceC. adapted by the parent D. set in the past22. The w
18、ord “overt” (paragraph 2) means _.A. acute B. authenticC. apparent D. artificial23. According to the passage, great fear can be stimulated in a child when a story is _.A. filled with excitement B. heard only onceC. repeated too often D. read out of a book24. According to the passage, the advantage c
19、laimed for repeating fairy stories to young children is that it_.A. makes them come to terms with their fearsB. develops their power of memoryC. convinces them there is something to be afraid ofD. encourages them not to have ridiculous beliefs25. The authors mention of broomsticks and telephones is
20、meant to suggest that _.A. fairy stories are still being vividly made upB. children do not easily accept fairy tales as they areC. people try their best to modernize old fairy storiesD. there is more concern for childrens fears nowadaysPassage 2Psychologists have found that privately made confidenti
21、al resolutions are rarely followed, whereas a public commitment to achieve some goal, such as losing weight or giving up smoking is likely to be much more effective. This is because the approval of others for doing something desirable is valued. In contrast,disapproval for failure can lead to feelin
22、gs of shame.Advertising agencies have designed studies bearing out the truth of this observation. In this research, a group of strangers was bombarded with information about the qualities of a particular product. They were thenasked to either announce out loud or write down privately whether they in
23、tended to buy the product. It was laterdiscovered that those who publicly declared their intention to buy were considerably more likely to do so than those who affirmed their intentions in private.In another study, an experimenter claiming to represent a local utility company interviewed house owner
24、s telling them he was investigating ways in which energy consumption could be reduced. Half the subjects,randomly selected, were told that if they agreed to conserve energy their names would be mentioned in an article published in the local newspaper; the remaining half were told their names would n
25、ot be used. All those interviewed agreed to cooperate and signed a form either giving consent for their names to be used or stating that their names would not be used. Later in the year, the amount of gas consumed in each house was recorded.The owners who had agreed to their names being published ha
26、d used significantly less gas than those who remained anonymous.26. It can be inferred that all of the following help motivate a person to achieve a goal EXCEPT_.A. a desire for approval B. a fear of disapprovalC. a fear of failure D. a sense of non-commitment27. Why were advertising agencies intere
27、sted in conducting their study?A. They wanted to introduce a new way of promoting products.B. They wanted to demonstrate the quality of their products.C. They wanted to know if people intended to purchase their products.D. They wanted to find the best way to get people to buy their products.28. Acco
28、rding to the passage, the anonymous subjects in the energy-consumption experimentA. didnt cooperateB. didnt sign a formC. didnt want their names publishedD. didnt use significantly less gas29. How did the experimenter find out the amount of gas the subjects used?A. By recording the amount of gas use
29、dB. By stating the amount of gas in the contractC. By publishing the amount of gas consumed in each houseD. By giving people a limited amount of gas to use30. This passage supports which of the following conclusions?A. Commitments made in private are more likely to fail.B. Disapproval for failure ma
30、kes people less willing to make public commitments.C. Intentions affirmed in private are more effective than those published in newspapers.D. Well-informed people are more likely to publicly declare their intentions.Passage 3The danger of misinterpretation is greatest, of course, among speakers who
31、actually speak different native tongues, or come from different cultural backgrounds, because cultural difference necessarily implies different assumptions about natural and obvious ways to be polite.Anthropologist Thomas Kochman gives the example of a white office worker who appeared with a bandage
32、d arm and felt rejected because her black fellow worker didnt mention it. The doubly wounded worker assumed that her silent colleague didnt notice or didnt care. But the co-worker was purposely not calling attention to something her colleague might not want to talk about. She let her decide whether
33、or not to mentionit, being considerate by not imposing. Kochman says, based on his research, that these differences reflect recognizable black and white styles.An American woman visiting England was repeatedly offended even, on bad days, enraged when the British ignored her in setting in which she t
34、hought they should pay attention. For example, she was sitting at a booth in a railway-station cafeteria. A couple began to settle into the opposite seat in the same booth. They unloaded their luggage; they laid their coats on the seat; he asked what she would like to eat and went off to get it; she
35、 slid into the booth facing the American. And throughout all this, they showed no sign of having noticed that someone was already sitting in the booth.When the British woman lit up a cigarette, the American had a concrete object for her anger. She began ostentatiously looking around for another tabl
36、e to move to. Of course there was none; thats why the British couple had sat in her booth in the first place. The smoker immediately crushed out her cigarette and apologized.This showed that she had noticed that someone else was sitting in the booth, and that she was not inclined to disturb her. But
37、 then she went back to pretending the American wasnt there, a ruse in which her husband collaborated when he returned with their food and they ate it.To the American, politeness requires talk between strangers forced to share a booth in a cafeteria, if only a fleeting “Do you mind if I sit down?” or
38、 a conventional, “Is anyone sitting here?” even if its obvious no one is.The omission of such talk seemed to her like dreadful rudeness. The American couldnt see that another systemof politeness was at work. By not acknowledging her presence, the British couple freed her from the obligation to ackno
39、wledge theirs. The American expected a show of involvement; they were being polite by not imposing.An American man who had lived for years in Japan explained a similar politeness ethic. He lived, as many Japanese do, in extremely close quarters a tiny room separated from neighboring rooms by paper-t
40、hin walls.In this case the walls were literally made of paper. In order to preserve privacy in this most un-private situation,his Japanese neighbor with the door open, they steadfastly glued their gaze ahead as if they were alone in a desert. The American confessed to feeling what I believe most Ame
41、rican would feel if a next-door neighborpassed within a few feet without acknowledging their presence snubbed. But he realized that the intention was not rudeness by omitting to show involvement, but politeness by not imposing.The fate of the earth depends on cross-cultural communication. Nations mu
42、st reach agreements, and agreements are made by individual representatives of nations sitting down and talking to each other public analogues of private conversation. The processes are the same, and so are the pitfalls. Only the possible consequences are more extreme.31. In Thomas Kochmans example,
43、when the white office worker appeared with a bandaged arm, why did her colleague keep silent?A. Because she didnt care about her white colleague at all.B. Because she was considerate by imposing on her.C. Because she didnt want to embarrass her white colleague.D. Because she was aware of their diffe
44、rent cultural backgrounds.32. What is the best definition for the word “imposing” in paragraph 2?A. Unreasonably expecting someone to do something.B. Using your authority to make sure a rule is kept.C. Acting in a grand, impressive way.D. Causing troubles to oneself.33. Which of the following can be
45、 concluded from the passage?A. The British would like to avoid talking to strangers in public.B. The American would like to be imposed in different settings.C. The British expect a small talk between strangers who are forced to share a booth in a cafeteria.D. The American enjoy being ignored in unfa
46、miliar settings.34. What seems to be Japanese behavior in order to preserve privacy in close quarters?A. They would separate their rooms by paper-thin walls.B. They act as if they have never known someone living next to them.C. They are very friendly and considerate to their neighbors.D. They pull t
47、heir face long and glue steadfastly their gaze ahead.35. Which of the following can serve as the best title for the passage?A. An American Womans Overseas ExperienceB. The Cultural WaveC. Mixed Meta-message across CulturesD. Pitfalls and Possible ConsequencesIII. English -Chinese Translation (15 poi
48、nts)Directions: Translate the following passages into Chinese.At its worst, it means shorter attention spans, shallower memories, fragmented, unsustained argument, the undermining of intellectual property rights and a tendency to mistake anecdote for fact. At its best, the Internet represents an intellectual revolution, fostering free collaboration as never before, with dramatically improved access to boundless information, the great stor