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1、2018年安徽师范大学普通遗传学考研真题一、名词解释（共10题，每题4分，共40分）1. 基因组2.共显性3.中心法则4.伴性遗传5. 非同义突变6.顺反子7.数量性状8. 基因型频率9.分子钟10.分子进化的中性学说二、简答题（共4题，每题15分，共60分）1.你如何理解遗传是相对的，变异是绝对的?并就其对生物进化及育种的作用谈谈你的观点。2.试述物种的概念以及物种形成的基本过程。3.染色体结构变异主要有哪些类型?请分别介绍其细胞学特征和遗传学效应。4.什么是生物发生律?试述系统发育和个体发育二者之间的关系。三、论述题（20分）1.什么是生物的进化?谈谈你对进化和遗传之间关系的认识。四、英译
2、汉（30分）Evolutionary genetics is the broad field of studies that resulted from the integration of genetics and Darwinian evolution, called the modern synthesis. This field attempts to account for evolution in terms of changes in gene and genotype frequencies within populations and the processes that c
3、onvert the variation with populations into more or less permanent variation between species. In this view, four evolutionary forces (mutation,random genetic drift, natural selection, and gene flow) acting within and among populations cause micro-evolutionary change and these processes are sufficient
4、 to account for macro-evolutionary patterns, which arise in the longer term from the collective action of these forces. That is, given very long periods of time, the micro-evolutionary forces will eventually give rise to the macro-evolutionary patterns that characterize the higher taxonomic groups.T
5、he force of mutation is the ultimate source of new genetic variation within populations.Although most mutations are neutral with no effect on fitness or harmful, some mutations have a small, positive effect on fitness and these variants are the raw materials for gradualistic adaptive evolution. With
6、in finite populations, random genetic drift and natural selection affect the mutational variation. Natural selection is the only evolutionary force which can produce adaptation, the fit between organism.and environment, or conserve genetic states over verylong periods of time in the face of the disp
7、ersive forces of mutation and drift. The force of migration or gene flow has effects on genetic variation that are the opposite of those caused by random genetic drift. Migration limits the genetic divergence of populations and so impedes the process of speciation. The effect of each of these evolutionary forces on genetic variation within and among populations has been developed in great detail in themathematical theory of population genetics.