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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上中考英语部分知识点复习一、fail的用法1. 表示“失败”,通常是不及物动词。表示在某一方面失败,通常用介词 in。如: He failed in business. 他经商失败。 He failed in everything he tried. 他想的一切办法都没成功。 2. 表示“(考试)不及格”,fail 可用作及物或不及物动词(以及物动词为多见),所以以下各例中 fail 后的介词 in 均可以省略: He failed (in) his driving-test. 他驾驶考试没及格。She failed (in) her exams again. 她考试又
2、没有及格。 有时表示“使某人不及格”(及物)。如: The teacher failed half the class. 老师让班上一半的学生未能及格。 3.其后可接不定式,意为“不能”“没有”“忘记”等。如: He failed to pass the exam. 他考试没有及格。 He failed to get there on time. 他未能准时赶到那儿。 Dont fail to ring me up. 别忘记给我打电话。He failed to keep his words. 4.不足;缺乏 Our water supply has failed (us).我们的水供应不足。W
3、ords failed me.我无法用语言来表达(自己的感情等)。二、fall的用法fall 常用作动词,它主要有以下几种意思:(1)跌倒,倒下.如:Danny fell in the snow.丹妮摔倒在雪地里.(2) 掉下,落下.如:An apple fell from the tree.一个苹果从树上掉了下来.The glass fell on the ground.杯子掉在了地上.(3)表示气温,价格的下降.如:The temperature has suddenly fallen.温度突然下降.(4) fall 还可用作连系动词,意为变得,后常接形容词asleep,ill等作表语.如
4、:She fell ill as soon as she got to London.她一到伦敦就生病了.He was just falling asleep when there was a knock at the door.他刚要入睡,就有人敲门.【相关短语】fall off 下降,跌落 fall behind落后,跟不上fall back on 依靠 fall into 成为,陷入三、方位词及其与介词的搭配1、方位词英语中常见的方位名词就这八个(见上图)注意汉语和英语用法习惯的区别。汉语中常说“东南西北”,而英语中常说north,south,east,west。汉语中常用东北、东南、西
5、北、西南的说法,而英语中常说sortheast、southeast、northwest 、southwest。2、方位词与介词的搭配一般情况下,我们需要在方位名词前面加上定冠词the。比如说,The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳东升西落。如果表示在的东(南、西、北)时,方位名词要根据具体的情况来搭配适当的介词,常见的有三种情况:a 表示一个地方属于另一个地方,我们用介词in。 例如:China is in the east of Aisa. 中国在亚洲的东部。 b 表示一个地方在另一个地方之外,两地互相接壤或者毗邻,我们用介词on
6、。 例如:Mexico is on the south of the USA. 在美国的南面。 c 表示一个地方在另一个地方之外,两地不接壤不相邻,我们用介词to。 例如:Its a few kilometers to the east of Beijing. 那是北京以东几公里的地方。四、doubt的用法1. n. 怀疑;疑惑without /beyond / out of doubt 毫无疑问地;确实地 in doubt 不肯定;不确定 2. vt. 怀疑;不信I dont doubt that.我确信 I doubt whether /if.我怀疑是否 注意: doubt 在肯定句中用
7、whether或 if引导从句,但在疑问句和否定句中用 that引导从句。 3. doubt后面接同位语从句 (1)doubt用在否定句中,后面接that引导的同位语从句。例如:I have no doubt that he will succeed. 我相信他会成功的。(2)doubt用在肯定句中,后面接whether引导的同位语从句。注意不可以用if替换whether。例如:He had his doubts whether they would give him another五、difficult的用法本词是形容词1.做定语:a difficult task一次很难的任务。2.作表语:
8、This task is difficult.这次任务很难。3.句型:it is difficult for sb to do sth: 做某事对某人来说很难。如:It is difficult for me to do the task。 4.名词是difficulty。句型:have difficulty (in) doing sth.如:I have difficulty (in) finishing the task.六、fit的用法1.用作形容词(1) 表示与职务、身份、场合是否相称,用词组 be fit forThe book is fit for children.She is
9、not fit for the job.(2) “恰当的,得体的,健康的”的意思.如:The room is a fit place for study.He keeps himself fit by running 5 miles every day.2.用作动词(1)表示衣服鞋袜等是否合身要用动词.如:His coat fits beautifully.This suit doesnt fit me well.Have you got a larger size?(2) 还可作“配合,安装,安置”讲.如:The key doesnt fit the lock.A man came and
10、fitted the telephone for her.七、宾语从句宾语从句的三大要点: 宾语从句的引导词的选择; 宾语从句的语序; 3. 宾语从句与主句对应的时态。1、宾语从句的引导词主句与从句要用连词相连。所选取的连词,对于主句和从句来说,叫做连接词。而对于宾语从句来说,此连词对于宾语从句来说,叫做引导词。关系代词和关系副词可以充当引导词宾语从句的引导词。如果主句之后用陈述句充当宾语从句时,引导词为that且可以省略;当主句之后用一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,引导词为 if 或者weather ; 当主句之后用特殊疑问句充当宾语从句时,引导词为特殊疑问词。例如:She doesnt know
11、 (that) she is seriously ill.Do you know if /whether Kate gets up early?Can you tell me how I can get to the station? 2、宾语从句的语序宾语从句从句用陈述语序,即“主句连词宾语从句(主语谓语)”句式。例如:Can you tell me what she is doing?I dont know when the train will leave.3、宾语从句与主句的对应时态总体来说,宾语从句的时态要与主句对应:当主句用一般现在时或一般将来时,从句可用任何时态,根据从句语境进行
12、选择;当宾语从句表述自然定律,自然现象,客观真理,俗语以及谚语时,宾语从句用一般现在时不受主句的影响;如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词往往与过去相关,再结合宾语从句的语境,选取与过去时态相关的一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。例如:The teacher said that the earth goes round the sunI dont know if it will rain tomorrow. Miss Green didnt tell us where she lived in 2002.八、定语从句1、定语从句的写法先行词后面先写一个称述句
13、。然后再加上一个关系词。关系词的选择:关系词怎么选?看所修饰的名词。如果修饰的是物,就用which/that如果修饰的是人,就用who/whom/that如果修饰的是人的/物的,就用whose如果修饰的是时间,就用when如果修饰的是地点,就用where如果修饰的是原因,就用why关于关系词有几个注意事项定语从句中每一个关系词都做成分(包括that)whom专门做宾语,who和that做什么成分都可以。定语从句中关系词作宾语可以省略。2、定语从句的分类定语从句可以分为限定性的和非限定性的。很多同学分辨限定性和非限定性,只是看有没有用逗号分隔开。其实限定和非限定最本质的区别是他们所修饰的词的范围
14、是否明确,比如:I met your friend who is staying in Paris.一个人的朋友是非常多的,所以需要加一些限定的条件,所以这里是限定性定语从句I met your mother , who is staying in Paris.一个人的妈妈只有一个,所以不需要限定,就用逗号隔开,用非限定性定语从句。在限制性和非限制性定语从句中需要注意一下以下几点对于限定性的定语从句:名词范围不明确;既然需要限定,就无逗号隔开,且不能省略非限定性的定语从句:名词范围明确;不需要限定,用逗号隔开;可以省略,不影响意思;关系词不能省略,不能用that,指人且作宾语的时候只能用who
15、m特殊非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句和限定性定语从句一样,都可以用来修饰名词。但是非限定性定语从句还有一个特殊的用法:可以修饰前面整句话。但是请注意,当非限制性定语从句修饰前面整句话时,关系词只能用which。比如:The company will get back to you in three days,which is one of the typical rules.这句话中,which引导的非限制性定语从句就是修饰前面整句话。修饰的前面公司将会在三天内回复你是一个普遍的规矩。3、介词提前的定语从句如果定语从句关系词原本位于介词后,这时候可以将介词提前,让介宾短语团聚。但注意,如果介
16、词提前,关系词不能随便选,可以用which指物,不可以用that。也可以用介词+whom指人,不能用who和that。如:This is the job which I have dreamed of for years.这里的which原本是位于介词of后面的,所以还可以写成This is the job of which I have dreamed for years.九、until, not until的用法Until直到为止 not until直到才肯定形式表示的意思是做某事直至某时,动词必须是延续性的。 否定形式表达的意思是直至某时才做某事。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。 肯定句:
17、I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。 Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。 (在肯定句中可用before代替 Let”s get in the wheat before the sun sets.) 否定句:She didn”t arrive until 6 o”clock. 她直到6点才到。 Don”t get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。 I didn”t manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后,我才会做。否定句
18、可用另外两种句式表示。 (1)Not until 在句首,主句用倒装。 Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19 世纪初,人类才知道热能是什么。 Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到我开始工作,我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。 (2) It is not until that这是一个强调结构。十、cut的用法1.cut sb sth 为某人切某物。如: Cut me some p
19、ineapple. 给我切几片菠萝吧。He cut me a slice of bread. 他为我切了一块面包。 注:该句型也可转换为:Cut some pineapple for me.He cut a slice of bread for me. 2.cut sth into sth 把某物切成某物。如:First cut the meat into small pieces. 先把肉切成小块。He cut the apple into halves. 他把它切成了两半。 注:若指分为两半,可说成 cut sth into halves 或 cut sth in half。3.cut d
20、own(1) 砍倒。如: They cut down the big tree. 他们把这棵大树砍倒了。 (2) 削减,压缩,缩减。如: Expenses ought to be cut down in every way. 应该在一切方面减少开支。 Youd better cut the article down to about 2,000 words. 你最好能把这篇文章压到两千字左右。4.cut in(1) 插入,插话。如: Dont cut in when others are talking. 别人说话时别插话。He kept cutting in on our conversat
21、ion. 我们谈话时他老是插话。 注:cut in on sth 有时可说成 cut into sth, 如上面第二句也可说成:He kept cutting into our conversation.(2) 插队,超车。如: He cut in at the head of the line. 他在队伍的前面插队。 The car overtook me and then cut in on me. 那辆小车超了我的车,然后插在我前面。 5.cut off 切断,隔断,断绝。如: We were cut off in the middle of our telephone conversa
22、tion. 我们在电话里谈话谈了一半就被切断了。 The flood cut the villagers off from the rest of the world. 洪水切断了村民们与外界的联系。 6.cut out删除,删去,切去,切除,停止做,戒掉。如:I must cut out smoking. 我必须戒烟。 The rain and wind have cut out a deep valley. 风雨侵蚀出了一条深谷。 7.cut across :抄近路,走捷径8.cut away: 切除,剪掉十一、look的用法1. 用作不及物动词,意为“看,望,瞧”。 1)单独使用时,后不
23、跟介词。如: I looked but saw nothing.我看了,但什么也没看见。 Look! Here comes the bus. 瞧!汽车来了。 Look before you leap. 三思而后行。 2)和at连用。如: The teacher is looking seriously at us.老师正严肃地看着我们。 Look at these pictures. How beautiful they are!看这些画,它们是多么漂亮啊! 3)和其它某些介词或副词连用: (1) look after 照看,照料。如:He is old enough to look afte
24、r himself.他年龄足够大,能照看自己。 (2) look for 寻找。如:I looked for you just now, but I didnt find you.刚才我到处找你,但没有找到。 (3) look around 四下环顾;到处寻找。如:He looked around but he saw nobody.他四下环顾,但什么人也没看到。 (4) look back on回想,回顾。如:They often look back on the days they spent together. 他们常回顾他们在一起度过的日子。 (5) look down on看不起。如
25、:Dont look down on others.不要看不起别人。 (6) look forward to 盼望。如:We are looking forward to seeing you again.我们盼望再见到你。 (7) look into朝里面看。如:He looked into the box, but he saw nothing.他朝箱子里面看了看,但没看到什么。 (8) look on.as把某人看作。如:We look on him as our friends.我们把他看作我们的朋友。 (9) look out当心。如:Look out! Dont hit the t
26、ree. 当心!不要撞了树。(10) look over仔细检查;翻阅。如:The doctor is looking him over. 医生正在给他做仔细检查。 (11) look through浏览;仔细检查;看穿。如:I have looked it through.我已把它仔细地看了一遍。 (12) look up抬头看;查;找出。如:He looked up and smiled at me.他抬起头,对我笑了笑。If there are words you dont understand, look them up in the dictionary. 如果你有不认识的单词可以查
27、词典。 2. 用作连系动词,意为“看起来”。 1)后跟形容词。如:You look well/fine/healthy.你看起来很健康。The teacher looks happy. 老师看上去很高兴。She looks pale. 她面色苍白。 2)后跟过去分词。如:You look tired; youd better have a rest.你看上去很累,你最好休息一下。 3)后跟名词。如:He looks a nice, honest man.他看上去是个诚实的好人。 4) 后跟介词短语等。如:He looks in good health. 他看来十分健康。 3. 用作及物动词,意
28、为“看,瞧,打量”等。如:He is looking me up and down.他上下打量着我。十二、wonder的用法1、作及物动词,意为“想知道;对感到怀疑”(1)后接 who , what , why , where 等引导的宾语从句。例如:I wonder who she is.我想知道她是谁。 (2)后接 that 引导的宾语从句,表示“感到惊奇;对感到惊讶”, that 常可省去。例如:I wonder (that) she has won the race. 我对她赢了比赛感到惊讶。 (3)后接动词不定式短语或疑问词不定式”构成的短语。例如:Im just wondering
29、 how to do it. 我正想知道该怎样做那件事。2、作不及物动词,意为“感到惊讶;感到疑惑”(1)后接介词at 短语,表示“对惊奇”。例如:I wonder at your allowing her to do such a thing.我对你允许她做这样的事感到惊讶。 (2)后接 about 短语,表示“对感到疑惑;对感到新奇”。如:I wonder about my future.我对我的未来感到疑惑。3、名词,意为“奇迹;奇观”。(1)Its a wonder that 意为“奇怪的是”。如:Its a wonder that she is still alive. 奇怪的是她还
30、活着。The Great Wall is one of the seven wonders of the world.长城是世界上七大奇迹之一。 (2)Its no wonder that 意为“难怪”。如: Its no wonder that they wont come.难怪他们没有来。十三、pay/cost/spend/take1、pay的用法pay 意为支付,就是付钱,宾语通常是钱,常用介词 for 表示“为”什么而支付,句型:sb. pay 金钱 + for + 事物;He payed 90 yuan for the new dress. 他为新裙子付了90元。常见的 pay 的短
31、语:pay sb. 付钱给某人,例:They payed us the money. 他们为我们付了钱。pay money back 还钱,例:Ill pay the money back next week.我下周还你钱。pay off 还清债务 2、cost的用法cost 的主语是“商品、服务”,也就是东西花人钱,也可以是花时间和力气,句型:sth. cost sb. + 时间 / 金钱 / 力气 ;The new dress cost me 90 yuan. 这件新裙子,花了我90 元。Writing the novel cost him a lot of time. 写这部书,花了他很
32、多时间。3、spend的用法spend 可以用来花钱,也可以用来花时间,句型:sb. spend +时间/金钱 + on sth / (in) doing sth. ;不规则变化:spend - spent- spentHe spends 2 hours in reading very day. 他每天花两小时阅读。She spends much on new clothes. 他花很多钱买新衣服。4、take的用法take 的主语通常是事情,也就是说,事情花了人的时间,句型:sth. take sb. + 时间 ,如果是做什么事情花费了时间,则常用it作形式主语,句型: It take sb
33、. + 时间 + to do;take 变化不规则:take - took - took。take 表示花费,标志性的结构是 形式主语 it,还有一个 不定式 to do.Arriving there took them 5 hours. 到那里花了他们5个小时。= It took them 5 hours to arrive there.How long did it take you to finished your homework? 你花了多长时间写完作业?十四、prefer/would rather1、prefer2、would ratherwould rather主要用来表示“宁愿
34、;宁可”,它有两种用法:不带从句和带从句。(1)当不带从句时1)此时,would rather直接后接动词原形,如:正确:Wed rather go on Monday.错误:Wed rather to go or Wed rather going 2)其否定形式为直接在would rather后接not,如:Id rather not fly. I hate planes.3)当我们要表达过去发生的事情时,我们会采用would rather have done的用法,此时的用法其实是,往往表达与事实相反或不符的情况。如:She would rather have spent the mone
35、y on a holiday. (钱没有花在度假上(2)当后接从句时 当后接不同主语的从句时,从句中的谓语动词要采用的用法。如果是对现在或将来情况的描述,从句的谓语动词采用一般过去时的形式;如果是对过去情况的描述,从句的谓语动词采用过去完成时的形式。如:现在或将来:I would rather they did something about it instead of just talking about it.现在或将来:Would you rather I wasnt honest with you?过去:Id rather you hadnt rung me at work.3、pre
36、fer和would rather的联系(1)prefer to do sth= would rather do sth更喜欢做某事,宁愿做某事。 例如: Id like to stay at home , but Max prefers to play football on Sundays.= Id like to stay at home , but Max would rather play football on Sundays. 注意点:prefer to do sth 不仅有人称变换,第三人称形式是prefers to do sth , 而且还有时态变化, 过去时态为preferr
37、ed to do sth。而 would rather既无人称变化,也无时态变化。(2)prefer to do sth rather than do sth=prefer doing sth to (doing) sth =would rather do sth than do sth 即prefer A to B, “比起B来更喜欢A”,其中to是介词。例如:All students prefer to take the bus rather than walk.= All students prefer taking the bus to walking.=All students would rather take the bus than walk.专心-专注-专业