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1、关于介词的高中英语知识点总结【考纲解读】1、表示时间及空间的介词的用法;2、介词与动词、名词的固定搭配 【知识点梳理】介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词。1.介词可按其构成分为:(1)简单介词,即一个介词,如 about,at,in,of,since等。(2)复合介词,由两个介词组成,如 as for,as to,out of等。(3)二重介词,由两个介词搭配而成,但没有复合介词那样固定,如 from under,from behind,until after,except in 等。(4)短语介词,由短语构成,如according to,because of,in spite of,on behal
2、f of,with reference to 等。(5)分词介词,由现在分词构成,如 regarding,concerning,including 等。2.介词还可按其词义分为下列常见的几种:(1)表地点(包括动向),如 about,above,across,after,along,among,around,at,before,behind,below,beneath,beside,between,beyond,by,down,from,in,into,near,off,on,over,through,throughout,to,towards,under,up,upon,with,withi
3、n,without 等。注有不少表地点的介词可表动向,除很明显的 across,around,over,towards,near 外,还有 among,behind,beneath,between,on,to,under 等。(2)表时间,如 about,after,around,as,at,before,behind,between,by,during,for,from,in,into,of,on,over,past,since,through,throughout,till(until),to,towards,within 等。(3)表除去,如 besides,but,except 等。(
4、4)表比较,如 as,like,above,over 等。(5)表反对,如 against,with 等。(6)表原因、目的,如 for,with,from 等。(7)表结果,如 to,with,without 等。(8)表手段、方式,如 by,in,with 等。(9)表所属,如 of,with 等。(10)表条件,如 on,without,considering等。(11)表让步,如 despite,in spite of 等。(12)表关于,如 about,concerning,regarding,with regard to,as for,as to 等。(13)表对于,如 to,fo
5、r,over,at,with 等。(14)表根据,如 on,according to 等。(15)表其他,如 for(赞成),without(没有)等。(一)介词的句法功能 介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。1、作定语:The book on the table is mine.2、作状语:We have breakfast at seven.(表时间);They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因);They star
6、ted the machine by pressing the button.(表方法)3、作表语:My dictionary 中学 is in the bag.4、作宾语补足语:I found him in the office.(二)主要介词区别 1、表示时间的 at,in,on:at 表示片刻的时间,如:at 8 oclock,常用词组有:at noon,at night,at midnight,at the end of,at that time,at the beginning of,at the age of,at Christmas,at New Year 等。in 表示一段的时
7、间,如:in the morning,in the afternoon,in the evening,in October,in 1998,in summer,in the past,in the future 等。on 总是跟日子有关,on Monday,on Christmas morning,on the following,on May Day,on a warm morning 等。2、表示时间的 since 和 from:since 表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程,常与现在完成时连用。from 表示从时间的某一点开始,不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如:I
8、 hope to do morning exercises from today./We have not seen each other since 1995.3、表示时间的 in 和 after:两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后,区别在于 in 表示“在(一段时间)之后”,而 after 则表示“在(某一具体时间点之后)”,in 短语和将来时态连用,after 短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。如:Well be back in three days./After seven the rain began to fall./What shall we do after graduation?注意
9、:after 有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时里)。如:After two months he returned.4、表示地理位置的 in,on,to:in 表示在某范围内,on 指与什么毗邻,to 指在某环境范围之外。如:Changchun is in the northeast of China./Mongolia is on the north of China./Japan is to the east of China.5、表示“在上”的 on 和 in:on 只表示在某物的表面上,而用 in 表示占去某物一部分。如:There is a book on the piece
10、 of paper./There is an interesting article in the newspaper./He dug a hole in the wall.6、表示“穿过”的 through 和 across:through 表示从内部通过,与 in 有关;across 则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与 on 有关。如:Water flows through the pipe./The old man walked across the street.7、in the corner,on the corner,at the corner:in the corner 表示
11、在角落里,in 指角的内面;on the corner 表示“在角上”,on 指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner指“在拐角处”,at 指的是拐角外附近的外面。如:The lamp stands in the corner of the room./I met with him at the street corner./He sat on the corner of the table.8、in the end,at the end of,by the end of:in the end作“最后”、“终于”解,可单独使用,后不接介词 of;at the en
12、d of 表示“在末梢”,“到尽头”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用;by the end of 作“在结束时”,“到末为止”解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。如:In the end they reached a place of safety./At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden./They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week./by the end of last month he had finished the novel.9、表示
13、“关于”的 about 和 on:两者都有“关于”的意思,不过前者为一般用词,而后者为较正式的“论述”。如:He came to tell me about something important./He wrote a book on science.10、between,among:一般说来,between 表示两者之间,among 用于三者或三者以上的中间。如:You are to sit between your father and me./He is always happy among his classmates.注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,如果强调的是两两相互间
14、接关系,适用于 between。如:Agreements were made between the different countries.在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时用 between。如:The little valley lies between high mountains.。在谈事物间的差别时,总是用 between。如:They dont know the difference between wheat,oats and barley.11、besides,except,but,except for:besides 指“除了还有,再加上”。如:All wen
15、t out besides me.;except 指“除了,减去什么”,不能放在句首。如:All went out except me.;but 与except 意思近似,表示“除了外”经常用在 no,all,nobody,anywhere,everything 等和其他疑问词后面。如:I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.;except for 表示“如无就,只是”表明理由细节。如:His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.。12、表示“用”的 in 和 with:
16、表示工具的“用”,用 with,而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“用”,用in。如:He is writing a letter with a pen./He wrote the letter in pencil./We measured it in pounds./Read the text in a loud voice./Tell me the story in English.13、in charge of 和 in the charge of:两者都表示“由谁负责、照顾、管理”。区别在于:in charge of 后接被照管的人或物,而 in the charge
17、of 后面则跟照管的人。如:Who is in charge of the project?/The project is in the charge of an engineer.。14、as,like:as 作“作为”、“以地位或身份”解。如:Let me speak to you as a father.(事实是父亲);like 作“象一样”解。如:Let me speak to you like a father.(事实上不是父亲)。15、in front of 和 in the front of:in front of=before,是“在前面”的意思(不在某物内);in the f
18、ront of 则是“在前部”的意思(在某物内)。如:There is a desk in front of the blackboard./The boy sat in the front of the car.。16、in,into:into 表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。如:We walked into the park.;in 通常表示位置。如:We walked in the park;in 和 drop,fall,put,throw,break 等终止性动词连用时,也可以表示动向。如:I have put the coin in(into)my pocket.我把硬币放进衣袋。复习
19、时需注意的要点 1、介词一般放在名词之前,但它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词、疑问副词或者关系代词时,这些词提到了前面而只剩下介词在后了。2、介词和动词、形容词、名词等常常构成固定搭配,也就是说,在这些词的后面常常要求用一定的介词。这一点在学习时要特别注意。如:a.动词+介词:laugh at,wait for b.形容词、过去分词+介词:be good at,be proud of c 名词+介词:pay a visit to,the key to 3、表示选择关系的连词,连接的双方只取其一。常用连词有 or,either.or,otherwise 例如:a)You can go to Beiji
20、ng either today or tomorrow.b)You must get up early or you wont catch the early bus.4、表示转折关系,连接的双方构成对比,意义上有转折。常用连词有 but,however,while,only 例如:a)His brother is fond of football while he likes basketball.b)You can watch TV,but you must finish your homework first.5、表示联合关系,联合的双方是对等的,意义上趋向一致。常用连词有:and,bo
21、th.and,neither.nor,not only.but also,as well as To study English well,we need both diligence and careful.That horse is not only the youngest among the five,but also runs the fastest.6、表示因果关系,连接的双方,互为因果,或者前因后果,或者前果后因。常用的连词有:for,so 例如:It must have rained,for the ground is wet.【考试重点】1、常见介词的活用;2、词的固定搭配
22、【试题辨析】例:Im sorry I didnt phone you,but Ive been very busy_ the past couple of weeks.A.beyond B.with C.among D.over 答案:D 解析:本题考查介词辨析。句意:很抱歉没有给你打电话,因为在过去的几个星期我一直很忙。根据句意选 over“在期间”,后跟一段时间。beyond 超出;among“在之间”,多用于指作为一个整体的人或事物,一般不与表示时间的词连用。with 与 busy 连用可构成 be busy with sth.“忙于某事”,但其中 sth.一般不是表示时间的名词或短语。故选 D。【突破方法】介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一,使用频率相当高,其用法多而杂。一个介词有多种不同的用法,一个相近的意思又可以用不同的介词短语表示。所以必须逐一学会每个介词的用法,弄清楚易混介词的用法异同,能够根据语境和交际条件灵活运用介词。此外,介词与动词、名词、形容词的习惯搭配也不能忽视。