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1、 1/4 英语的句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句 （一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在 there be 结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）W
2、e often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to m
3、aster a foreign language.（it 作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特
4、征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如 be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem 等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（爱
5、好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up.The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）How m
6、any dictionaries do you have?I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：T
7、hey elected him their monitor.（3）介词的宾语（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，2/4 才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make 等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to
8、you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country;America is a developed country.（分词）There are thirt
9、y women teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成
10、分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin,you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting
11、 again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with t
12、he others,I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）二、简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old;She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skati
13、ng?How old is he?Is he six or seven years old?Mary can swim,cant she?3）祈使句：Be careful,boys;Dont talk in class 3/4 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。（二）简单句的五种基本句型 1、主语+系动词+表语(S+LV+predicative)：e.g.He is a student.2、主语+不及物动词（S+Vi）：e.g.We work.3、主语+及物动词+宾语(S+Vt+O)
14、：e.g.Henry bought a dictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）(S+Vt+O.indir+O.dir)：e.g.My father bought me a car.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）(S+Vt.+O+O.compl)：e.g.Tom made the baby laugh.6.There+be 句型：There be/stand/lie/live+主语+地点状语 e.g.There lies a book on the desk.注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。e.g.He often read
15、s English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.7.简单句的基本词序：主语 动词部分 宾语 状语 （谓语）方式 地点 时间 I bought a hat yesterday.A young girl walked confidently in the room.8.简单句的扩展成份：简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。He
16、is saving up to buy a mobile phone.The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.9.简单句主语谓语宾语的合并：1）两个简单句的主语可以连词 and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut also 等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。The boss is flying to Paris.His secretary is flying to Paris.The boss and his secretary are f
17、lying to Paris.Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.2）两个简单句的宾语可由 and、bothand 等连词连接组成一个简单句。I met Jane.I met her husband.I met Jane and her husband.I met both Jane and her husband.3）两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。We sang all night.We danced all night.We sang and danced all night.2)并列句：由并列连词（and,
18、but,or 等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。并列句的词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。4/4 五种简单句型可用并列连词连接起来组成并列句。即：并列句=简单句+，+连词+简单句 主语 谓语 宾语，连词 主语 动词 表语 Jimmy fell off his bike，but (he)wasnt hurt.We fished all day;we didnt catch a thing.The future is bright;the road is tortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。（三）并列句的分类 1、平行并列连词：表示连接两个同等概念，常用 and,
19、not onlybut also,neithernor,then等连接。e.g.The teachers name is Smith,and the students name is John.2、选择并列连词:表示选择，有 or,eitheror,otherwise 等。e.g.Hurry up,or youll miss the train.3、转折并列连词：表示转折，有 but,still,however,yet,while,when e.g.He was a little man with thick glasses,but he had a strange way of making
20、 his classes lively and interesting.4、因果并列连词:表示因果关系，常用的连词有 so,for,therefore 等。e.g.August is the time of the year for harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语
21、从句和状语从句等。复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句 即：复合句=主句+从句 英文写作中最常使用的从句 1.宾语从句 2.状语从句 3.定语从句 e.g.1)I dont know that he has finished his work.2)The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.四.几个概念：1.简单句的附属成分：基本成分的修饰语。可以是：定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。2.连接成分：连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。3.一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含 2 个到 4 个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分