《强烈推荐英语语法基础知识.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《强烈推荐英语语法基础知识.pdf（26页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.英语语法基础知识-动词分类我们应该从三个方面了解一下动词的分类。第一方面：按词义和句中的作用，动词可以分为四类。见下表。类别特点意义举例实义动词 (vt.vi.)及物动词跟宾语须跟宾语一起才能表达完整的意思I have a book.不及物动词不能直接接宾语能独立作谓语She always comes late.系动词(link-v)跟表语不能独立做谓语，跟表语构成完整意思I am a student.助动词(aux.v.)跟动词原形或分词（无词汇意义）不能独立做谓语，跟主要动词构成谓语，表示疑问，否定及各种时态He doesnt
2、 speak Chinese.I am watching TV.情态动词 (mod.v.)跟动词原形（有自己的词汇意思）不能独立做谓语。表示说话人语气、情态，无人称和数的变化We can do it by ourselves.That would be better.第二方面：短语动词，短语动词是由一些动词和其它词构成短语，表达一个完整的意思。其构成方式如下。构成方式举例动词+介词Look at,look after 动词+副词Give up,put into 动词+副词+介词Catch up with,look down upon 动词+名词+介词Take care of,pay atten
3、tion to Be+形容词+介词Be proud of,be afraid of 复杂结构Make up ones mind,wind ones way 第三方面：按动词的形式可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。1、谓语动词形式意义举例人称与主语在人称一致I am reading now.第一人称文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.数与主语在数上一致He writes well.第三人称单数时态表示动作发生的时间He wrote a letter to me last month.过去时态语态主语是动作的发生者或者承受者We study English.主动The ro
4、ad was filled with rubbish.被动语气说话人表达事实、要求、愿望等He has flown to America.事实I wish I could fly to the moon some day.愿望2、非谓语动词形式意义用途举例不定式起形容词和名词作用可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语It takes me 20 minutes to go to school.动名词起名词作用作主语和宾语She likes reading.分词现在分词起形容词、副词作用，表主动作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语The cup is broken 过去分词起形容词、副词作用，表被动The
5、steam is seen rising from the wet clothes.中学生英语学习常见错误-动词误She laid down and soon fell asleep.正She lay down and soon fell asleep.析考试中常出现的是易混动词lay 放，lie 躺，lie 说谎。它们的过去时、过去分词和现在分词变化如下：lay(放)laid，laid，laying(及物动词)lie(躺)lay，lain，lying(不及物动词)lie(说谎)lied，lied，lying 误Please rise your hand.正Please raise your
6、hand.析 rise 是不及物动词，其后不能接宾语，如：The sun rises in the 文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.east.而 raise 是及物动词。误I like to swim very much,but I dont like swimming this afternoon.正I like swimming very much,but I dont like to swim this afternoon.析like作为喜欢讲时，可以接动名词也可以接不定式，但接动名词时多表达一种习惯性动作。而接不定式则侧重于表达一次性、特殊性的动作。但要
7、注意的是like 与 would连用时则一定要接不定式，如：Would you like to go with me?再有一点要注意的是，like 作为介词 像讲时，只能用分词作其宾语。误Stop!Did you listen to a strange voice?正Stop!Did you hear a strange voice?析hear 的侧重点是听到、听见什么，而listen to 的侧重点为听的倾向，如：listen!Do you hear someone calling help?这样的词还有 look 与 see。它们的侧重点也不同，look 重于看的倾向，而 see 重于看见
8、没看见。误Did you watch some film recently?正Did you see some film recently?析英语中 see 与 watch 各有不同的用处，see 用于看电影、剧目，而 watch用作看电视和看球赛。误Look.A beautiful lamp hanged from the ceiling.正Look.A beautiful lamp hung from the ceiling.析hang 有两个含义，挂，它的过去时与过去分词是hung，hung;绞刑，这时它是规则动词，其过去式与过去分词则为hanged，hanged。误How long c
9、an I borrow this book?正How long can I keep this book?析 借在英文中有三个词，借入，即 borrow,如：May I borrow some books from the library?借出，如：I can lend my bike to you.借多久要用 keep,因为 borrow与 lend 都是截止性动词，而keep 是延续性动词。如How long can I keep it?误We have won your class.正We have beaten your class.析win 是及物动词，其后面的宾语应是比赛、战争、奖
10、品、奖金。而 beat 的宾语，应是人、队、班级等等，如：We won the game.误I left my key.正I forgot my key.文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.正I left my key at home.析leave 是丢下，其后一定要接地点状语，而forget其后不要接地点状语。误Oh!Its raining outside.Please bring the rain coat with you.正Oh!Its raining outside.Please take this rain coat with you.析bring为带来
11、如：Next time bring your little sister here.而 take 为带走，fetch为去某处取什么回来，如：Please fetch some coffee for us要熟记的是在初中课文中与take 有关的词组，如：take away 拿走 take back 收回 take down 取下take off 脱下take out 拿出take place 发生take hold of 拿住take part in 参加 take a seat 坐下 take ones place 替代 take a look 看看 take ones turn 轮流 tak
12、e a message 捎信 take care of 照看 take it easy 别着急 take ones time 慢慢来take ones temperature 测量体温误The policeman reached his gun.正The policeman reached for his gun.析reach 作到达 讲时是及物动词，如：I reached the hotel at 830 但作伸手去拿，则要用 reach for something。作为 到达讲时还有 arrive(in+大地方)(at 较小的地方)和 get to.要注意的是与get 有关的词组有：get
13、 back 回来 get in 收割 get into 进入 get off 下车 get on 上车 get out 出去 get up 起床 get to 到达 get ready for=be ready for get on well with 与人相处融洽get 加比较级为变得如何，例如：get colder and colder.误This dictionary spent me five dollars.正This dictionary cost me five dollars.析 英文中的 花费有 4 个 spend,cost,take 和 pay,其中 spend 与 pay
14、 所在句中的主语应为人，如：I spent two hours in doing my homework.I paid five dallars for the book.而 cost 与 take 的主语则是事物，如：It takes me two years to finish this book.误In summer I always sleep with the windows opened.正In summer I always sleep with the windows open.正I always sleep with the windows closed.析要注意 open
15、是动词也是形容词，而close 则要用其过去分词作文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.形容词。误Please wait a minute.Im having on my clothes.正Please wait a minute.Im putting on my clothes.析英语中的穿衣服要分状态，是什么样的穿着打扮，还是穿衣服的动作两类动词。表示穿着状态的词有have on,wear,在用法上 have on不宜用进行时态，它多用一般时态，如：She has on a new school dress.而 wear则多用进行时来表示状态，如：She is w
16、earing a new sweater.在表示动作的词中put on是常用的一词。dress 用作动词当 穿衣讲时其后宾语不应接衣物，而要接人，如：My children were very young they couldnt dress themselves.在表示穿着状态时用其过 去分 词当形容词，如：He is dressed in white.误 My computer cant begin.Could you find someone to help me?正 My computer cant start.Could you find someone to help me?析 b
17、egin与 start均可指 开始，而且常常可以互换，如：School begins(starts)at 8 a.m.但是在两种情况下不宜用begin 而要用start,当作机器开动、发动讲，如：My car cant start.There must be something wrong with it.作为旅途开始 讲，如：We should have to start early.There was a lot of traffic on the road.误Im very glad because I have founded my lost key.正Im very glad bec
18、ause I have found my lost key.析find 是不规则动词，它的过去式和过去分词是found,found，而 found又是另外一词 建立，它是规则动词，其过去式与过去分词是founded founded,如：The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949.误Please.Lets speak in English.正Please.Lets speak English.正Please.Lets talk in English.误Can you speak it English?正Can you say it in E
19、nglish?析英文中说有 4 个常用词 say,tell,speak,talk.其中不及物动词有 speak和 talk，如：I want to talk with you.We are talking about the new film.而speak其后接语言时是及物动词，其他情况是不及物动词。say 与 tell 是文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.及物动词，其中tell 常用双宾语，如：Tell us a story.但用于讲实话或谎话时也用单宾语。如：Tell the truth.误Can you say Japanese from Chinese?正
20、Can you tell Japanese from Chinese?析tell from 为固定词组，即分辨两者的不同。误Excuse me,did I step on your foot?正Oh,sorry,did I step on your foot?析excuse me用于未打扰对方前，以提醒对方注意的用语，而 sorry则是由于自己已做的事向对方道歉。误Would you care for to swim with us?正Would you care to swim with us?析 care for 后接不定式时，要省略 for,或换用名词，如：Would you care
21、for a cup of tea.care for 作照顾讲时与 look after相同。在初中阶段学习与for 有关的词组有：ask for 请求 call for 接人，请人care for 关心go in for 从事 answer for 负责 look for 寻找wait for 等待 send for 请人 pay for 付款search for 寻找 leave for 去某地prepare for 准备thank somebody for something 为某事向某人道谢。误Are you understanding it?Yes,I got to it.正Do yo
22、u understand it?Yes,I got it.析 understand这一词没有进行时态，如同感观动词love、hate I got it 是美语，即 I understood it。要记住 get 作为到达讲时是不及物动词，如：Ill get to the school at 8 a.m.初中范围常用与to 有关的动词词组如下：belong to 属于 come to 苏醒 point to(at)指着 get to 到达refer to 谈到 stick to 坚持lead to 导致 turn to 翻到 look forward to 期望 agree to 同意误The
23、meat has gone badly.正The meat has gone bad.析英语中 go,get,become,turn作为转变时，其后接形容词，这时这些动词应被看作系动词。误The teacher said the earth moved around the sun.正The teacher said the earth moves around the sun.析如果主句的谓语动词是现在时，其宾语从句可以是任何时态。如果是过去时，则宾语从句中的时态应与之呼应。但地球围绕太阳转是不随时间而变化的客观事实，所以还应用一般现在时态来表达。误Ill come to see you a
24、s soon as Ill be back.文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.正Ill come to see you as soon as I am back.析在状语从句中要用一般时来表示将来，如：I should tell him when he came back.误 I want to know whether you come to my party tomorrow or not.正I want to know whether you will come to my party tomorrow or not.析在宾语从句中则要用将来时表示将来的动作
25、。要注意的是如果宾语从句中仍有状语从句时，依然要用一般现在时表示将来，如：I want to know if it rains tomorrow youll come here or not.误What did you do at eight last night?正What were you doing at eight last night?析在描述过去某一具体时刻的动作或从某时到某时一段时间内正在进行的动作要用过去进行时，如：I was washing clothes from eight till noon last Sunday 误My classmates came to see
26、a film yesterday.I didnt go with them,because I have seen it before.正My classmates came to see a film yesterday.I didnt go with them because I had seen it before.析现在完成时与过去完成时的相同之处是其动作均开始于过去的某一点，它的差别在于该动作是截止到什么时候。如动作截止到现在用现在完成时；如动作截止到过去，用过去完成时。例如：Ive learnt English for three years.(到现在为止)又如：Before I
27、went to college,I had learnt English for three years.(动作截止到上大学那时，即截止于过去)误Im feeling well now.正I feel well now.析瞬间动词有些无进行时态，它们是：表示思维状态的词：believe,feel,forget,imagine,know,mean,need,prefer,remember,understand,want 表示感情的动词：care,like,do like,love,mind,hate,fear 表示状态的词：belong,own 感观动词：feel,hear,see，smell,
28、taste 误When have you done this work?正When did you do this work?析when 提问的是一个时间点不可用于完成时态的问句中。误This is our new English teacher.He has gone to many foreign countries.正This is our new English teacher.He has been to many 文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.foreign countries.析 have gone to 是到某地去了，此人现在不在这里。have
29、 been to 是到过某地，现在此人在说话现场。误I have borrowed this book for two weeks.正I have kept this book for two weeks.析截止性动词有完成时态，但不可和与表达一段时间的时间状语连用。如：When I got to the cinema the film had begun.但要讲When I got to the cinema the film had be on for five minutes 这样的用法还有buy,join,die,如：I bought this book yesterday.我昨天买的
30、这本书。I have had this book for two days.这本书我已买了两天了。I joined the club two years ago.两年前我加入了这个俱乐部。I have been in this club for two years.我加入这个俱乐部已两年了。My father died five years ago.我父亲是 5 年前去世的。My father has been dead for five years.我父亲已去世5 年了。误Have you understood the lessons?正Do you understand the lesso
31、ns?析 有些动词不易用完成时态，它们是 understand,think,believe,know(知道)误 It was said that the Second World War had broken out in 1939.误It was said that the Second World War was broken out in 1939.正 It was said that the Second World War broke out in 1939.析在讲述过去的历史事件时，总要用过去时而不要用完成时，而且happen,break out,take place作为发生讲时均
32、没有被动语态。误When I walked along the street.I happened to meet an old friend.正 When I was walking along the street I happened to meet an old friend.析在一个长动作发生或进行的过程中，某一突然事件发生，这时长动作应用进行时(现在进行时或过去进行时)，而突发性动作用一般时(一般现在时或一般过去时)，如：When my father is reading a newspaper the telephone rings.误Please buy a book to m
33、e.正Please buy me a book.正Please buy a book for me.析在接双宾语的动词后面的两个宾语，一个是直接宾语，一个是间文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.接宾语，如：Buy me a book中 me 是间接宾语，而 a book是直接宾语。如果将直接宾语前置，其后应加for，其它加 to 如：Tell me a story.Tell a story to me.Give me a book.Give a book to me.误He was seen come into the book store.正He was seen
34、 to come into the book store.析 在主动语态中，有时可以加不带to 的不定式作宾语，如：I saw him come into the book store.但如果变为被动语态时，则要将省略的to 还原。当然这些动词还可以加动名词作宾语，如：I saw him coming into the book store,如变为被动语态时，则没有变化。如：He was seen coming into the book store 轻松记住英语不规则动词英语动词按其过去式和过去分词的构成方式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。规则动词的过去式和过去分词由词尾加ed 构成，而不规则动
35、词的变化因词而异。但如对不规则动词的过去式和过去分词做一分析，就可发现其中的“规则”。为方便同学们记忆，现将初中英语教学大纲中的69个不规则动词的原形、过去式和过去分词列出并规为五种类型。同学们还可将第二、三类分为若干组，以便准确记忆。一、AAA型（原形、过去式和过去分词同形）：cost cost cost cut cut cut let let let put put put read read read 二、ABB型（过去式与过去分词同形）：bring brought brought build built built buy bought bought catch caught caug
36、ht dig dug dug feel felt felt find found found get got got have had had 文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.hear heard heard hold held held keep kept kept learn learnt learntleave left left lend lent lent make made made meet met met pay paid paid say said said sell sold sold send sent sent shine shone s
37、hone sit sat sat sleep slept slept sm ell smelt smelt spend spent spent stand stood stood teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought understand understood understood 三、ABC型（原形、过去式和过去分词各异）：be was/were been begin began begun blow blew blown break broke broken do did done draw drew drawn
38、drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen fly flew flown forget forgot forgotten give gave given 文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.go went gone grow grew grown know knew known lie lay lain ride rode ridden ring rang rung see saw seen show showed shown sing sang sung speak spo
39、ke spoken swim swam swum take took taken throw threw thrown wake woke woken wear wore worn write wrote written 四、ABA型（原形与过去分词同形）：become became become come came come 五、AAB型（原形与过去式同形）：beat beat beaten（注：带号的词也可视为规则动词。）易混难辨英语动词集中练习I.难辨动词选择 40 例：1.He _ me to give up smoking.A.hopes B.suggests C.advises D
40、.makes 2.They _ him working all day long.A.had B.made C.forced D.obliged 3.He is too young to _ right from wrong.A.speak B.talk C.say D.tell 4.At last he _ worker.A.became B.turned C.changed D.grew 5.The peasants are _ good seeds for the coming spring.A.picking out B.choosing C.selecting D.choosing
41、from 6.When did you _ yesterday?A.arrive B.reach C.文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.get D.get to 7.How long will it _ you do the job?A.cost B.spend C.last D.take 8.Its too cold to _ the engine.A.begin B.start C.ride D.drive 9.Will you take part in the meeting to be _ next week?A.held B.taken place C.
42、had D.happened 10.Who _ the new world?A.invented B.made C.discovered D.uncovered 11.Need I help you?Yes,you _.A.need B.may C.must D.should 12.The Peoples Republic of China was _ in 1949.A.found B.founded C.built up D.put up 13.He is _ as our best friend.A.thought B.looked C.considered D.regarded 14.
43、When did you _ his letter?A.hear from B.receive C.accept D.hear 15.A new look has _ in China in the last few years.A.broken out B.taken place C.happened D.taken on 16.She is _ her best clothes today.A.wearing B.dressing C.putting on D.having on 17.Will you _ me a few minutes?A.share B.spare C.save D
44、.spend 18.He _ from his seat.A.rose B.stood c.got D.raised 19.Trains _ more people than buses.A.take B.carry C.fetch D.bring 20.Loud noises can _ people mad.A.drive B.turn C.cause D.have 21._ while the iron is hot.A.Strike B.Hit C.Beat D.Knock 22.I found a wallet _ on the ground.A.laying B.lying C.l
45、ay D.lie 23.I havent _ his letter yet.A.written B.answered C.replied D.returned 24.They _ the different parts into one.A.united B.connected C.joined D.linked 25.He got _ in the battle.A.hurt B.harmed C.injured D.wounded 26.Will you _ me the favour to put on the coat?A.do B.文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢
46、迎下载支持.make C.give D.have 27.Who _ it be?It must be Mary.A.must B.can C.should D.may 28.He _ his way put when the film was over.A.did B.found C.made D.took 29.Did you _ the concert yesterday?A.attend B.join on C.join D.have 30.It is well _ to all that China is a large country.A.said B.told C.known D.
47、reported 31.We _ the apple into three parts.A.separated B.split C.parted D.divided 32.China _ a large population.A.covers B.takes C.has D.makes 33.They were _ busy working all day long.A.made B.kept C.had D.let 34.I have been searching for my _ key.A.missed B.lost C.gone D.disappeared 35.How I _ I w
48、ere a happy bird.A.hope B.wish C.want D.expect 36._ your child here next time.A.Take B.Fetch C.Get D.Bring 37.The boy _ an apology for being late.A.made B.asked C.expressed D.had 38.Would you like to _ and have a cup of tea?A.call on B.visit C.drop in D.see 39.She decided to _ her studies at home.A.
49、continue B.go on C.keep on D.have 40.It is hard for them to _ a good job.A.look for B.find out C.find D.discover II.易混动词选择 40 例：41.Can you _ her becoming a bus driver?A.think B.imagine C.expect D.believe 42.Youve changed a lot.I can hardly _ you at first.A.know B.remember C.find out D.recognize 43.W
50、eve _ friends for many years.A.been B.become C.made D.promised 44.He asked me to _ him a helping hand.A.lend B.borrow C.make D.get 45.We dont _ smoking here.A.admit B.allow C.文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.agree D.let 46.I am _ that a film will be shown tonight.A.said B.told C.spoken D.reported 47.