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1、Lecture 6The Structures of English (2)Review:vWhat is meant by IC analysis?vWhat are surface structure and deep structure?vAnalyze how the following sentence is ambiguous:Flying planes can be dangerous.Some concepts1)Binary cutting 两分法两分法2)Immediate constituent/ultimate constituent 直接成分直接成分 最终成分最终成分
2、3)Tree diagram/labeled tree diagram 树形图树形图 加标记的树形图加标记的树形图4)IC analysis:the approach to analyze sentences into immediate constituents by binary cuttings until obtaining the ultimate constituentsIC analysisFlying planes can be dangerousflying planescan be dangerousflyingplanescan bedangerouscanbeLabel
3、ed tree diagramSNPVPAdj Po?NflyingplanesVPAdjAUXVcanbe dangerousv Deep Structure 1A plane that is flying can be dangerous.vA plane used for flying can be dangerous.vDeep Structure 2vFlying planes can be dangerous.v两种歧义分别是：两种歧义分别是：v(1)The plane which are flying in the sky can be dangerous.v(2)The wor
4、k flying planes(drive planes)can be dangerous.Contents6.1 English paragraphs6.2 English texts6.3 Cohesion in English texts6.4 Turn taking in English conversations6.1 English paragraphsv a topic sentencevParagraphv supporting sentencesvSupporting sentences:vExemplification 举例举例,例证例证 vInstantiation 用具
5、体例子说明用具体例子说明,例示例示 vcomparison and contrastvreasonsvdefinitionvanalogyvEnumeration 计算计算,列举列举,细目细目 vSome English words have a common root but are used in very different senses.Consider human and humane,for example.Their origin is the same and their meaning are related,but their usage is distinct.A hum
6、an action is not the same thing as a humane action.We cannot speak of a Declaration of Humane Rights.There is a weapon called a humane killer,but it is not a human killer.6.2 English textsv narrationv descriptionvTypes ofvEnglish texts expositionv argumentationv Chronological ordervPerspectivevPoint
7、 of viewv flashback6.3 Cohesion in English textsvcohesion v衔接衔接vMeans of cohesion (衔接）衔接）:a.Lexically(repetition,synonymy,antonymy,hyponymy-reiteration)b.Grammatically(ellipsis,substitution,reference)c.Logically(connectives)vA latest survey has been held among some citizens from Beijing,Shanghai and
8、 Guangzhou about the Internets influence on peoples habit of reading.The research shows that 40%of them have strong belief that it will replace the book as the sole source of information,but the remaining 60%argue that the Internet will coexist with the traditional means of information transmission.
9、I agree with the latter.vA latest survey has been held among some citizens from Beijing,Shanghai and Guangzhou about the Internets influence on peoples habit of reading.The research shows that 40%of them have strong belief that it will replace the book as the sole source of information,but the remai
10、ning 60%argue that the Internet will coexist with the traditional means of information transmission.I agree with the latter.Identify the cohesive devices in the following passage:DiscussvP.93 No.6v referencev Grammatical ellipsisv substitution v tensev conjunctions v Logical v conjunctsv repetitionv
11、Lexicalv meronymv(2)Which type of cohesive device is used most often?v grammatical devices(esp.substitution“it”and“its”and tense)vReference deserves further elaboration here.The first distinction can be drawn between endophoric reference and exophoric reference.While the former points to a relation
12、between an entity in the situational context and a linguistic item in the textv(as in“He is the man you want to see!”said when the mentioned person comes over to the speaker),the latter refers to the relation between two linguistic items in the same text.vFor endophoric reference,further distinction
13、 is attempted between anaphoric reference and cataphoric reference.The former involves a relation between a preceding referential expression or an antecedent and the current pronominal item(as in“John loves Jane.vHe takes great care of her.This is known to all.”),whereas the latter denotes a relatio
14、n between the current pronominal item and the later occurring expression(as in“This is what John does for Jane:he sends a bunch of roses to her every day.”).DiscussvP.90 No.1va.What does“it”refer to?v MONEYvb.What is omitted in the sentence?v“WORK HARD”is omitted after“DOESNT”.6.4 Turn taking in Eng
15、lish conversationsvIn conversation,dialogue rather than monologue dominates.Conversationalists take turns speaking.The chance to speak is technically termed as floor.The current speaker may try to maintain the floor,or give up the floor.vWhile the next speaker may opt to interrupt in order to seize
16、the floor,he or she can wait to be nominated by the current speaker,or take the hints from him such as a long pause,a gesture,a gaze,etc.vAn initiation,say a question or a request,by the first speaker and the response by the second speaker,like an answer to the question and a compliance with the req
17、uest,form an adjacency pair.vIf the second part of the adjacency pair is positive,it is preferred;if the second part of the adjacency pair is negative,it is dispreferred.The latter is characterized by the use of such signals as“well”,hesitation markers like“erm”,pauses,explanations or accounts,etc.D
18、iscussvPP.91-92 No.3,4v3.ASK:va.Is the conversation composed of adjacency pairs?v Not wholly.vb.If not,how would you characterize the conversation?v Two adjacency pairs are inserted within an otherwise adjacent pair.The inserted pairs are technically called insertion sequences.v4.ASK:va.How would yo
19、u describe a conversational repair?v The conversational repair here is composed of a trouble source from LI,the initiation of a repair from Li,the self repair from Zhang,and an optional follow-up from Li.vb.Are there other types of repair in daily conversation?vApart from other initiation+self repair,we have other types:self-initiation+self-repair,other-initiation+other repair,and self-initiation+other-repair.vRepair can be classified according to the content repaired,too.Assignments:vP.95 No.9vP.98 No.5