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1、How to grasp the main idea of a passage or a paragraph in NMETRen Juanjuan2006 年年61题题,71题题,75题题2007 年年64题题,70题题,75题题2008年年61题题,66题题,71 题题 2009 年年65题题,66题题,75题题近几年山东高考阅读理解主旨大意题近几年山东高考阅读理解主旨大意题:主旨大意题在阅读理解中的地位：v1、主旨大意题旨在考查考生把握全文主题和理解中、主旨大意题旨在考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，亦即考查考生的归纳概括能力：能心思想的能力，亦即考查考生的归纳概括能力：能否分辨
2、主题和细节；能否具备提纲挈领的能力。否分辨主题和细节；能否具备提纲挈领的能力。v2、另一方面，在阅读中抓主旨大意并不只是单纯去、另一方面，在阅读中抓主旨大意并不只是单纯去应对阅读理解题中的主旨大意题，换言之，即使文应对阅读理解题中的主旨大意题，换言之，即使文章后没有设计主旨大意题，同样要首先抓住文章的章后没有设计主旨大意题，同样要首先抓住文章的主旨大意；也就是说，抓主旨大意是解答阅读理解主旨大意；也就是说，抓主旨大意是解答阅读理解所有题型的基础和前提。只有首先把握文章的主旨所有题型的基础和前提。只有首先把握文章的主旨大意，抓住了文章的灵魂与中心，阅读理解这个难大意，抓住了文章的灵魂与中心，阅读
3、理解这个难关才能迎刃而解。关才能迎刃而解。1)Whats the main idea of the text?2)The text is mainly about _.3)The main idea of the passage/paragraph is _.4)Which is the subject discussed in the text?5)The main purpose of the text is to _.6)Whats the best title for this passage?I.main idea型型,即主题题即主题题.II.topic 或或title型型,即标题题
4、即标题题.主旨大意题的常见的提问形式主旨大意题的常见的提问形式:Passage 1v Few laws are so effective that you can see results just days after they take effect.But in the nine days since the federal cigarette tax more than doubledto$1.01 per packsmokers have jammed telephone“quit lines”across the country seeking to kick the habit.v
5、 v The influence is obvious.v In New York,high school smoking hit a new low in the latest surveys13.8%,far below the national average.By comparison,26%of high school students smoke in Kentucky,Other low-tax states have similarly depressing teen-smoking records.vQ:The text is mainly about _.v A.the p
6、rice of cigarettesv B.the rate of teen smoking.v C.the effect of tobacco tax increasev D.the differences in tobacco tax ratePassage 2 When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance,the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list.Music is nice,people seem to say
7、,but not important.Too often it is viewed as mere entertainment,but certainly not an education priority（优先）（优先）.This view is shortsighted.In fact,music education is beneficial and important for all students.Music tells us who we are.Music provides a kind of perception（感知）（感知）that cannot be acquired
8、any other way.Science and technology do not tell us what it means to be human.So music education is far more necessary than people seem to realize.Q:What is the main idea of the passage?v A.Music education deserves more attention.v B.Music should be of top education priority.v C.Music is an effectiv
9、e communication tool.v D.Music education makes students more imaginative.解主旨大意类阅读理解题的思路：v1.通读全文，重视首段，注意每段第一句话通读全文，重视首段，注意每段第一句话 （尤其是论述性或说明性文章）（尤其是论述性或说明性文章）v2.归纳文章的段落大意，把握文章总体归纳文章的段落大意，把握文章总体v3.重视重要情节，人物及事物特征重视重要情节，人物及事物特征v4.注意观察，找准贯穿上下文的关键句或关注意观察，找准贯穿上下文的关键句或关 键词键词v5.在理解全文的基础上确定主题句或自己归在理解全文的基础上确定主题
10、句或自己归纳总结纳总结vPractice makes perfect!v文首找主题句，提炼文章标题。v 新闻报道、说明文、议论文 Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal.Such a person is not really a thief.They are sick and cannot help themselves.All small children act naturally and as they grow up they normally learn to cont
11、rol their actions.People with kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take things that do not belong to them.With medical help they may become normal citizens again.They things that a kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great value.They often give aw
12、ay what they have stolen or collect objects without using them.Q:What is the topic of the text?A.Young Thieves.B.An Unusual Illness.C.Reasons for Stealing D.A Normal Childs Actions.Passage2 Boston-Thieves dressed as police entered a museum early Sunday and stole 11 paintings,including major works by
13、 Rembrandt,Dagas,Manet and Vermerr,FBI(美国联邦调查局美国联邦调查局)and the museumofficials said.The first judgment placed value of at least$100 million on the worksstolen from the Isabella Gardener Museum,said Boston police spokes-man Jim Tordan William Bobinson,of Hardvard Univercitys Foggel Museum,called the o
14、bjects stolen“major works.”Q:Whatisthebestheadlineforthisnewspaperarticle?A.ATheftTookPlaceinBostonB.ArtworksstolenbyThievesC.MajorWorksD.Investigationintothetheftv主题句隐含在文中，注意观察，找主题句隐含在文中，注意观察，找准贯穿上下文的关键句或关键词，准贯穿上下文的关键句或关键词，体会每段的大意，就能找出或归纳体会每段的大意，就能找出或归纳出短文的主旨大意。出短文的主旨大意。Passage 3:You dream each nig
15、ht,even though you may not remember your dreams.While you dream your eyes move and your heart beats faster.Even your brain-wave pattern changes.Some scientists think that dreaming is important for the sake of health.They claim that without dream,people would go crazy.Q:Whatdoesthepassagemainlytells?
16、A.HowpeoplestayhealthyB.HowsleepisnecessaryC.WhydreamsareimportantD.WhenpeopleremembertheirdreamsPassage 4 Brian arrived at the San Francisco airport two hours before the flight toParis.He was wearing three shirts,a jacket,two pairs of socks,a pair ofshorts,and two pairs of jeans.He was carrying one
17、 small backpack,whichwas very full,but he didnt have any other luggage.Brian needed to meeta man named Tony before he checked in for his flight.He found Tonynear the Air France counter.Tony gave him a round-trip ticket and a smallpackage.Is Brian a criminal（犯罪）（犯罪）?Not at all.He is an air courier.An
18、d hepaid only$110 for the round-trip ticket to Paris.Air couriers get cheapairline tickets because they take important packages and papers to foreigncountries.Businesses sometimes need to get packages and papers topeople in foreign countries by the next day.Often,the only way they cando this is to u
19、se an air-courier company.It is not cheap for a business tosend a package with an air courier,but it is quick.vQ：The author of the text mainly _.v A.describes the activities of a law-breaker v B.suggests an ideal way to travel v C.argues against the air-courier travel v D.tells us about a developing
20、 business v 文尾找主题句 提炼标题或归纳大意。Passage 5:Reading is the key to school success and,like any skill it takes practice.A child learns to walk by practicing until he no longer has to think about how to put one foot in front of the other.A great athlete practices until he can play quickly,accurately(精确),wit
21、hout thinking.Tennis players call that“being”in the zone.Educators call it“automaticity(自如).Q:Thefirstparagraphtellsus_.A.whatautomaticityisB.howaccuracyisacquired(获得获得)C.howachildlearnstowalkD.howanathleteistrained.v首尾呼应展现主题句首尾呼应展现主题句,瞻前顾后归纳大意瞻前顾后归纳大意 议论文议论文 总总分分总总Passage 6:As prices and building c
22、osts keep rising,the“do-it-yourself”(DIY)trend in the U.S.continues to grow.John and Jim are not unusual people.Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so they can fight the high cost of living.If you want to become a“do-it-yourself,you can go to DIY classes.And for
23、those who dont have time to take a course,there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.Q:What would be the bets title for the text?A.The joy of DIY B.You can Do It Too!C.Welcome to Our DIY Course!D.Ross and Hatfield:Believers in DIY从段落中从段落中归纳要点归纳要点抓大意抓大意.有些文章或段落无明显的主题句有些文章或段落无明显的主题句,
24、只是暗示性地体现主只是暗示性地体现主题题.这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实事实或提供的或提供的线索线索来概括总结主旨大意来概括总结主旨大意Passage 7:In the 1930s,a lot of people in the USA were out of work.Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts.He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he ca
25、lled“Lexico”.However,he was not completely satisfied with the game,so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from“Lexico”to“Alph”and then to“Criss Cross”.He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didnt have any real commercial(商业性的)success.Q:The text is mainly about_.A.Le
26、xico B.Three men C.A word game D.Alfred Butts.Passage 8:In America we have Halloween.In Mexico they have Todos Santos,which means“All Saints”.This is the day in which people remember family and friends who have died.They visit the cemetery instead of going out to trick-or-treat.But they do have pict
27、ures of skeletons and ghosts hanging around.They also have many candy skulls to eat.Question:Whatdoesthestorymainlytells?A.WhatholidaysarelikeB.WhatHalloweenislikeinMexicoC.WhathappensduringTodosSantosD.WhatwedoonHalloween遵循遵循四字原则四字原则:准准全全新新用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想要注意文章的内涵和外延要注意文章的内涵和外延,把作者的观点准确地把作者的观点准确地表达出来表达出来.要排除掉那些片面的选项要排除掉那些片面的选项,选取包含文章的主要选取包含文章的主要内容及作者观点的选项内容及作者观点的选项,范围不宜过大或过小范围不宜过大或过小.所选择的标题要新颖所选择的标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力对读者有吸引力,能激发读能激发读者的阅读兴趣者的阅读兴趣.精精Thank you!