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1、结构调整结构调整 Adjustment of Sentence Structure 英汉两种语言有着不同的行文特点和表达习惯英汉两种语言有着不同的行文特点和表达习惯,因此在英译汉因此在英译汉时常常需要打破原文的句式结构时常常需要打破原文的句式结构,对译文进行结构调整对译文进行结构调整,以符以符合汉语的表达习惯。合汉语的表达习惯。一般来说一般来说,英译汉时的结构调整大致可采用英译汉时的结构调整大致可采用顺译法、逆序法、顺译法、逆序法、时序法、拆分法、重组法等。时序法、拆分法、重组法等。请先看几个例句：请先看几个例句：1)This alone demonstrates that the telev
2、ision business is not an easy world to survive in,a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks,no less than 50%took a loss in 1989.这一点足以证明,要在电视行业中求生并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实:在80 个欧洲电视网中,多达一半的电视网在1989 年亏损。(顺译法,大致按原文语序译出,只对个别词语作适当调整。)2)Additional social stresses m
3、ay also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.由人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种方式相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成额外的压力。(逆序法,按汉语的“由于因此”表达习惯,对语序作了调整。)3)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a
4、 certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.给一定数量的与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持,看来通常最能有效地解决这个问题。(逆序法,按汉语的“方式结果”表达习惯调整语序。)4)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never before has it served so much
5、to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一 在欧洲近来发生的事件中,它把不同的民族和国家连到一起,作用之大,恐怕前所未有。(拆分法,将never before 句另起一句,调整到句末。)1.1.顺译法顺译法 即大致保持原文结构顺序即大致保持原文结构顺序,只对个别措辞进行必要调整。只对个别措辞进行必要调整。1)While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are histori
6、ans,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.几乎每个历史学家对历史都有自己的定义,但现代实践与一种定义最接近,即认为历史就是试图重现和解释过去的重大事件。(基本保持原文结构顺序,对as many.as 结构作适当调整。)2)Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been s
7、uspected:there is a“high-temperature belt”in the atmosphere,with its center roughly thirty miles above the ground.火箭研究证实了一个人们已经有所怀疑的奇异的事实:大气层中有一个“高温带”,其中心在距地面约30 英里高的地方。(基本保持原文结构顺序,对定语从句进行了适当调整。)2.2.逆序法逆序法 为了表达的需要为了表达的需要,有时需颠倒原文顺序有时需颠倒原文顺序,将句首的内容放将句首的内容放到句尾到句尾,句尾的内容提到句首。句尾的内容提到句首。1)He was dumb-found
8、ed at her insistence that he explain where every cent of his allowance had gone.她坚持要他讲清楚他津贴中每一分钱的去向,他哑口无言。2)Furthermore,it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scien
9、tists and technologists of all kinds.再者,一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关,而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力,这是显而易见的。3)In reality,the lines of division between sciences are becoming blurred,and science again is approaching the“unity”that it had two centuries agoalthough the accumulated knowledge is enormously greater now,and
10、 no one person can hope to comprehend more than a fraction of it.虽然现在积累起来的知识要多得多,而且任何个人只可能了解其中的一小部分,但实际上,各学科之间的界线却变得模糊不清,科学将再次接近两百年前那种“大一统”的状态。3.3.时序法时序法 这种方法不考虑原文语序这种方法不考虑原文语序,而按事件发生的时间顺序安排而按事件发生的时间顺序安排译文结构。译文结构。1)Dr.Smith resumed the activities of anticancer experiment begun in 1985 and financed b
11、y the Federal government as soon as he snapped from his original disappointment at repeated failures,which had resulted in its forced suspension.史密斯医生于1985 年开始着手由联邦政府资助的抗癌实验。由于屡遭失败而感到沮丧,他被迫终止了实验工作。现在他一重新振作起来,便立即恢复了抗癌实验活动。2)The saga of the White Star Liner Titanic,which struck an iceberg and sank on
12、its maiden voyage in 1912,carrying more than 1,500 passengers to their death,has been celebrated in print and on film,in poetry and song.白星公司班轮“泰坦尼克号”在1912 年的处女航中因撞上冰山而沉没,致使船上1500 多名乘客罹难。此后关于它的轶事传闻就一直成为书刊、电影以及诗歌、歌曲的内容而广为流传。4.4.拆分法拆分法 即将句中的插入成分提取出来单独翻译即将句中的插入成分提取出来单独翻译,另起一句放在句首或句另起一句放在句首或句末。这一方末。这一方
13、法尤其常用于翻译作者带判断性的立场、观点。法尤其常用于翻译作者带判断性的立场、观点。1)They,not unexpectedly,did not respond.他们没有答复,这是意料之中的事。2)Illogically,she had expected some kind of miracle solution.她满以为会有某种奇迹般的解决办法,这显然不合逻辑。3)Behaviorists,in contrast,say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many
14、 of the educational and other advantages that whites enjoy.相反,行为主义者认为,成绩的差异是由黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其他方面所享有的许多有利条件所致。5.5.重组法重组法 重组法也叫综合法重组法也叫综合法,即在准确理解原文的基础上即在准确理解原文的基础上,打乱原打乱原文的框架结构文的框架结构,根据逻辑关系和汉语表达习惯用自己的话重根据逻辑关系和汉语表达习惯用自己的话重新安排译文。新安排译文。1)In practice,the selected interval thickness is usually a compromise
15、between the need for a thin interval to maximize the resolution and a thick interval to minimize the error.为保证最大分辨率必须选用薄层,为使误差最小却须选用厚层,实际上通常选择介于两者之间的最佳厚度。2)A few days later,with appeals to the Supreme Court and Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger both rejected,Clarence Ray Allen,a blind,diabetic 76-year-
16、old convicted of having three people killed,including his sons girlfriend,was helped from his wheelchair and put to death by lethal injection in California.几天之后,提交给 最高法院和阿诺德斯瓦辛格州长的上诉均被驳回。被判定有罪的76 岁的糖尿病患者、盲人克拉伦斯雷艾伦在加州被扶下轮椅并注入毒剂处死。罪名是他杀害了三个人,其中包括他儿子的女友。翻译练习翻译练习1.Bright,very bright were the stars over
17、the wild,dark hills.2.It is easy to see what weight can be overcome and what thrust is necessary to maintain flight.3.He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily.4.That our environment has little,if anything,to do with our abilities,characteristics and
18、behavior is central to this theory.5.Accounts are given of huge mountains sinking,of former plains seen heaved aloft,of fires flashing out amid the ruin.6.I was all the more delighted when,as a result of the initiative of your government,it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.7.The Pre
19、sident has also called for an annual moment of silence at 8:46 a.m.Eastern time,when the first plane hit the first tower.8.Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing.9.Can you forge against these enemie
20、s in a grand and global alliance,North and South,East and West,that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind?Willyou join in that historic effort?10.Many more visitors than it can comfortably accommodate poured into it,off the regular steamers,off chartered motorboats and off yachts;all day t
21、hey ambled up the towpath,looking for what?参考译文参考译文1.在荒凉、漆黑的群山上空,闪烁着非常耀眼的星星。2.要知道应该克服多大重力并需要多大推力才能保持飞行,这很容易。3.如果有人敢于公然蔑视世界公众舆论,一意孤行,那他一定是个鲁莽之徒。4.这种理论的核心是,我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有关系,那关系也微不足道。5.大山沉陷,平原隆起,火焰喷射,周围一片废墟,这些都有报道。6.由于贵国政府的提议,才有可能这样快地重提访问之事,这使我感到格外高兴。7.总统还号召每年的这一天,在东部时间上午8:46,也就是当第一架飞机撞上第一座塔楼的时刻,全国默哀。8.如今人们知道,如果饮食中缺少某些重要成分,即使其中不含任何有害物质,也会引起严重的疾病。9.你们能不能不分东西南北,建立起一个对付这些敌人的全球大联盟,以保证全人类享有更为丰富的生活?你们是否愿意参与到这一历史性的努力中来?10.游客太多了,这小地方根本接待不过来。搭班船的、坐包船的、驾游艇的,整天漫步在纤路上,他们想看什么呢?