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1、浅析公路路基边坡防护摘要：本文通过分析公路路基边坡的破坏形式及原因，分析了路基边坡防护设计原则，详细介绍了公路边坡的防护方法，以保证路基的稳定和防治各种路基病害，确保公路的正常使用品质及投资效益。 关键词：公路 路基 边坡 防护路基防护是保证路基强度和稳定性的重要措施之一,防护的重点是路基边坡,由于地形的变化,适路设计标高与天然地面标高的相互关系不同,会出现高于天然地面的填方路基即路堤、低于天然地面的挖方路基即路堑和介于前两者之间的半填半挖路基。由岩土体填挖而成的路基,改变了原地层的天然平衡状态,且暴露于自然环境中,长期受各种自然因素的影响,岩土体的物理力学性质会发生较大的变化,引起岩土体变形
2、、移动,破坏边坡的稳定,甚至导致一系列环境地质问题和生态环境问题,如崩塌滑坡、泥石流、土壤侵蚀和植被破坏等。因此为保证路基的稳定和防治各种路基病害,除做好路基排水工作外,还需结合当地水文、地质及材料等情况,采取有效措施,对各类土、石边坡进行必要的防护。一、边坡破坏形式及原因路基边坡的滑塌是最常见的路基病害之一,根据边坡土质类别、破坏原因和规模不同,主要破坏形式为溜方、滑坡、剥落和碎落崩塌四种。溜方是由于少量土体沿土质边坡向下移动所形成,即边坡上薄的表层土下溜,通常是由于降水、降雨等流动水冲刷边坡或施工不当而引起的。滑坡是指一部分土体在重力作用下沿边坡的某一滑动面滑动,主要是因土体的稳定性不足引
3、起的。路堤边坡发生滑坡的主要原因是边坡坡度过陡或坡脚被挖空,或填土层次安排不合适等;路堑边坡发生滑坡的主要原因是边坡高度和坡度与天然岩土层次的性质不相适应。剥落和碎落是指边坡风化岩层表面,在各种外界环境的影响下使表层岩石从坡而上剥落下来的破坏形式。崩塌通常是指较大的石块脱离边坡表面沿坡而滚落下来。二、路基边坡防护设计原则公路边坡沿公路分布的范围广,对自然环境的破坏范围大,如果在防护的同时,能够注意保护环境和创造环境,采用适当的绿化防护方法来进行,则会使公路具有安全、舒适、美观、与环境相协调等特点,也将会产生可观的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。因此,边坡设计应遵循“安全绿色、水土保持、恢复自然、
4、环保之路”的设计原则。三、路基边坡防护方法1.植草防护。植物防护则是在边坡上种植草或植树,以减缓边坡上的水流速度,利用植物根系固结边坡表层土壤以减轻冲刷,从而达到保护边坡的作用。植物防护不仅可以美化公路环境,调节边坡的湿温,起到固结和稳定边坡的作用,而且又比较简单、经济。植草防护应选择根系发达、茎矮叶茂耐旱草种,严禁采用生长在泥沼地的草皮。直接植草护坡方法如下:其一,在土质坡面上用草籽、肥料、水拌和,直接喷洒在坡面上,优点是方法简单、施工方便、成本较低,但易受风雨的侵蚀;其二,在修整好的坡面上,将粘土、种子、肥料、水等混合物用喷浆机直接喷射于坡面,与原土壤粘合,种子发芽后便会植根于边坡土壤中,
5、形成整体保护。上述两种方法在植草初期,应免受风雨的侵蚀,可覆盖纤维网,由于坡面没有任何的加筋处理,在暴雨和径流的冲蚀下极易导致坡面破坏,因此一般应在每年3-5月进行。2.工程防护。工程防护主要是针对不适宜植物生长的土质填、挖方边坡或风化严重、节理发育不良的岩石路基边坡等,采取工程防护措施即设置人工构造物防护。3.干砌片石。干砌片石适用于保护边坡免受大气降水和地面径流的侵害,以及保护浸水路堤边坡免受水流冲刷。对严重潮湿或有冻害的路段、长期承受主动土压力地段一般不宜采用干砌片石防护,可用于下边坡中的土质边坡防护,坡度为1:1.5-1:2。4.浆砌片石。浆砌片石设置在浸水路堤及可能发生坡面被冲刷的土
6、质边坡,应做好排水与防护的结合,否则不宜采用。当水流速度较大时(如4-5m/s),波浪作用较强,以及河流可能有流木及其他撞击物等冲击作用时,宜采用浆砌片石防护,必要时可与浸水挡墙或护面墙同时设置。浆砌片石护坡优点是耐久性较好,适宜防护不同控制边坡中的岩土层和不同位置的边坡,且造价适中,故适用于上下边坡中的一般坡面。5.拱式、网格防护。这种防护方式克服了鱼鳞状砌石防护排水抗冲刷能力弱和污工量大的特点,最大限度地绿化坡面,外观较好,在高填方、长直线的护坡段,能达到美化、绿化的双重效果,是近年来公路防护常用的方法之一。缺点是施上较繁琐,劳动强度大,对坡面要求严格,拱内必须填土植草或进行其他工程防护,
7、否则易被雨水冲蚀。6.预制块铺砌防护。这是目前高速公路上应用较多的护坡方法之一,由于预制块的规格一致,易于施工,外观整齐,最大限度地减少了坡面防护对植草绿化的依赖性,即使坡面绿化效果不好,也不容易造成太严重的冲刷现象,所以,目前大多数高速公路采用这种方式,缺点是造价高,施工难度大。7.喷射混凝土防护。喷射混凝土法分为素喷法和锚喷法。素喷法为直接将高标号砂浆喷射在大致平整的岩面上,使坡面易松散的颗粒得以稳固,保证行车及行人的安全。它用于表层易松散的风化岩面。锚喷法,其工作原理是利用锚杆将滑动体固定在山体上,以锚杆约束山体的滑动,并在滑动体表面锚头上加挂钢筋网并喷射混凝土,在滑动体表面形成钢筋混凝
8、土板体结构,这样可以将松散的岩石固定为一个整体,以达到彻底根治滑坡的目的。锚喷法适用于大部分岩石土和碎石土等地质结构山体和易产生滑坡地段,它可预防早期滑坡的产生。只要产生滑动的区域面积不很大,滑动层不很厚,都可以采用此方法。此外,对于边坡破坏较严重的情况,如出现塌方、滑坡以及可能出现失稳等,必须采取相应的措施来确保边坡的稳定性(强度方面)和安全性(变形方面)。根据边坡的不良工程地质特征和滑坡加固治理与防护工程特点,主要选取适用性强、易于操作、工程负效应小的措施,如抗滑桩、锚杆(索)、挡土墙、削坡和灌浆等,使其分别适用于不同塌方、滑坡的物理力学条件和地质条件。参考文献1黄建明.浅析高速公路路基边
9、坡防护的施工-以甬金分离立交桥6#、7#墩施工为例J.科技创新导报,2009,(2):.2钮震雨 余俊美.浅探公路工程质量通病及其预控措施J.江西建材,2007,(4):.3于跃 王慧贤 安震.高速公路路基边坡防护浅析J.黑龙江交通科技,2007,(12):12,14.According to the highway subgrade slope protectionabstract this article through the analysis of road foundation slope failure forms and reasons, analyzes the roadbed
10、 slope protection design principles, detailed introduces the highway slope protection method, in order to guarantee the stability of roadbed and prevention and control of all kinds of roadbed disease, to ensure the normal use of the highway quality and benefit of investmentkey words highway subgrade
11、 slope protectionRoadbed protection is to guarantee the stability of roadbed strength and one of the important measures, protection is the focus of the embankment slope, the change of the terrain, ShiLu design elevation and natural ground conductivity of the relationship between different, there wil
12、l be higher than that of the natural ground embankment fill subgrade construction of the ground below natural excavated one that cut and between the two and a half between fill subgrade in geotechnical engineering by half to dig into roadbed fill dug, change the original layer of the natural balance
13、, and exposed to a natural environment, long-term affected by various natural factors, the physical and mechanical properties of rock mass will been great changes, cause rock mass deformation mobile, destroy the stability of the slope, and even cause a series of geological environment problems and t
14、he ecological environment problems, such as collapse landslides of soil erosion and damage to vegetation, etc .So to ensure the stability of roadbed and prevention and control of all kinds of roadbed disease, in addition to the drainage roadbed, still need to be combined with the local hydrological
15、geology and material of case, take effective measures to all kinds of soil ShiBianPo necessary protection.Firstly,a slope failure forms and reasonsEmbankment slope of the slump is one of the most common roadbed disease, according to slope soil category damage reason and scale is different, the main
16、failure form of slip party peel and broken down landslide collapse four slip party is due to a small soil slope moves down along the soil formed, namely the slope of thin surface soil slip under, it is often due to rainfall precipitation and flowing water erosion caused by improper slope or construc
17、tion of the landslide is refers to the part of the gravity of soil slope under one of the sliding surface sliding, mainly because of the soil slope of embankment caused by inadequate stability of landslide is the main reason of the side slope steep or spend change clearly feet are hollow, or filling
18、 levels arrangement inappropriate, etc.; Cut slope is the main reason of the landslide slope height and slope and natural geotechnical levels of nature does not adapt spalling and broken down is refers to the slope rock weathering surface. In different kinds of external environment under the influen
19、ce of the top rock slope and peeling off from the destroy form of collapse usually refers to the larger stones out along the slope surface slope and tumble down.second ，Embankment slope protection design principlesHighway slope distribution along the road of the range, the destruction of the environ
20、ment of natural range, if in the protection, and can also pay attention to protect the environment and create the environment, the adoption of appropriate green protective method, can make highway has safe and comfortable and beautiful in harmony with the environment and other characteristics, which
21、 will create considerable economic benefit and social benefit of ecological benefit so, slope design should follow the safety of soil and water conservation and restoration of natural green environmental protection of the way the design principlesthirdly，embankment slope protection method1.The plant
22、 grass protection plant protection in the slope is planted on grass or trees to slow down the slope of flow velocity, the use of plant root consolidation of surface soil slope to reduce erosion, so as to achieve the function of the slope protection plant protection not only can beautification highwa
23、y environment, adjust the temperature wet slope, consolidation and the stability of the slope play a role, and simple economic. Plant grass protection should choose the root system developed stem short and leafy drought tolerant grass seed, it is strictly prohibited to the growth in mud to clear the
24、 implanted directly into the grass slope protection method are as follows: firstly, in the soil slope surface water mixing with seed fertilizer, direct sprayed in the slope surface, the advantage is simple convenient construction cost is low, but vulnerable to wind erosion; Secondly, in dressing goo
25、d slope surface, will clay fertilizer water with seed mixture of spray directly injection machine in the slope, and the soil adhesion, seed will rooted in soil slope, forming overall protection of the two methods in plant grass at the initial stage, the rain should be from erosion, fabric covered, b
26、ecause no slope reinforcement treatment in heavy rains and runoff erosion of the slope easily result in damage, and therefore should be in commonly 3-5 months each year.2. Engineering protection engineering protection is mainly aimed at not suitable for the growth of plant soil slope excavation or w
27、eathering fill joints growth of serious adverse rock embankment slope, take engineering protection measures that is setting artificial slope protection.3. Do PianShi build by laying bricks or stones do build by laying bricks or stones PianShi is designed to protect the slope from atmospheric precipi
28、tation and runoff violations, and protect water embankment slope from flow erosion of severe cold wet or sections of long-term bear active earth pressure area should not be commonly use dry build by laying bricks or stones PianShi protection, and can be used in the soil slope under the slope protect
29、ion, slope of 1:1. 5-2-1.4. Pulp PianShi plasma build by laying bricks or stones PianShi build by laying bricks or stones set in immersion embankment and possible washed the soil slope surface slope, should do well in the combination of drainage and protection, otherwise not be used as the water vel
30、ocity is (such as in 4-5 m/s), wave action is stronger, and rivers flow and other wood may have hit content to wait impact, appropriate USES plasma build by laying bricks or stones PianShi protection, when necessary and water retaining wall or HuMianQiang also set pulp PianShi build by laying bricks
31、 or stones advantage is good durability slope protection, which is suitable for the protection of the different control slope rock layer and different locations of the slope, and moderate cost, it is applicable to the general up and down the slope slope5. Arch type grid protection this protection wa
32、y been overcome the QiShi protection drainage anti-scouring ability weak and the large amount of work the characteristics, the maximum slope greening, appearance is better, in long lines of the high fill slope section, can achieve beautification greening double effect, road protection in recent year
33、s is the commonly used method shortcoming is one of the more tedious;, labor strength, strict requirements on slope surface, within the filled soil arch must be planting grass or other engineering protection, or to be rain erosion.6. Precast block slabs protection this is the current highway slope p
34、rotection method widely applied one, because of the specifications of the precast block consistent, easy construction, neat appearance, minimizes the slope protection on plant grass greening dependence, even if the slope greening the result is bad, it is not easy to cause too serious erosion phenome
35、non, so, at the moment, most of the highway that way, defect is cost is high, difficult construction.7. Jet concrete protective jet concrete method into meat spray method and shotcreting method for directly spray method, high standard in the formation of the mortar injection roughly sheared off, mak
36、e easy to loose particles slope stably, ensure running and pedestrian safety it used for surface layer of rock bolting and easy to loose by law, the working principle is to use sliding body will be fixed in the mountain, the mountain to the constraints of sliding, and in the sliding body surface anc
37、hor head and sprayed concrete use steel mesh, sliding body surface formation in reinforced concrete board body structure, so can will loose rock fixed for a whole, in order to achieve the purpose of cure landslide shotcreting act applies to most of the rock soil and rock soil and other geological st
38、ructure mountain and produce landslide location, it can prevent the generation of landslide early as long as produce sliding area is not very big, Sliding layer is very thick, all can use this methodIn addition, the slope destruction for serious, such as a landslide and collapse may appear instabili
39、ty, etc, must adopt corresponding measures to ensure the stability of the slope (strength) and safety (deformation) according to slope of bad engineering geological characteristics of the landslide reinforcement management and protection and the features of the project, the main selection applicabil
40、ity is easy to operation of small negative effect on the engineering measures, such as anti-slide pile retaining bolt (cable) cutting slope and grouting, make its are used in different collapse of the physical and mechanical landslide conditions and geological conditionsReferences:1 HuangJianMing. A
41、ccording to the highway subgrade construction of the side slope protection in highway overpass 6 gold separation # 7 # pier construction, for example J. Science and technology innovation herald, 2009, (2).2 NiuZhenYu, the more beautiful. Shallow ground the highway engineering quality problems and its control counter measures J. Jiangxi building materials, 2007, (4).3 to jump, WangHuiXian, AnZhen. Highway subgrade shallow slope protection J. J heilongjiang transportation science and technology, 2007, (12).