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1、Benjamin FranklinHeisalmosteverything:anHeisalmosteverything:anAmericanstatesman,writer,Americanstatesman,writer,scientist,andinventor,scientist,andinventor,almanacmaker,essayist,almanacmaker,essayist,orator,philosopher,politicalorator,philosopher,politicaleconomist,economist,printer,politicaltheori
2、st,printer,politicaltheorist,politician,postmaster,politician,postmaster,inventor,satirist,andinventor,satirist,anddiplomat.“Jackofalltradesdiplomat.“Jackofalltrades whoseemedtobornwithwhoseemedtobornwithKingMidassgoldentouch.KingMidassgoldentouch.Benjamin FranklinBenjaminFranklin(January17,1706Apri
3、l17,1790)TheFirstAmericanthefirstUnitedStatesAmbassadortoFrance,The First American 1.hisearlyandindefatigablecampaigningforcolonialunity.2.TheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStates:theDeclarationofIndependence,thetreatyofalliancewithFrance,thetreatyofpeacewithEngland,andthecons
4、titution.a scientisthewasamajorfigureintheAmericanhewasamajorfigureintheAmericanEnlightenment,andthehistoryofphysicsforEnlightenment,andthehistoryofphysicsforhisdiscoveriesandtheoriesregardinghisdiscoveriesandtheoriesregardingelectricity.Heinventedthelightningrod,electricity.Heinventedthelightningro
5、d,bifocals,theFranklinstovebifocals,theFranklinstove富兰克林壁炉式取富兰克林壁炉式取暖炉暖炉,acarriageodometer,acarriageodometer里程表里程表,and,andtheglassarmonicatheglassarmonica玻璃口琴玻璃口琴.Heformed.Heformedboththefirstpubliclendinglibraryboththefirstpubliclendinglibrary收费图书馆收费图书馆inAmericaandthefirstfiredepartmentinAmericaand
6、thefirstfiredepartment消消防部队防部队inPennsylvania.HiselectronicinPennsylvania.Hiselectronicexperiments-“thenewPrometheuswhohadexperiments-“thenewPrometheuswhohadstolenfirefromheavenstolenfirefromheaven:ImmanuelKants:ImmanuelKantsInthewordsofhistorianHenrySteeleInthewordsofhistorianHenrySteeleCommager,Ina
7、FranklincouldbemergedtheCommager,InaFranklincouldbemergedthevirtuesofPuritanismwithoutitsdefects,thevirtuesofPuritanismwithoutitsdefects,theilluminationoftheEnlightenmentwithoutitsilluminationoftheEnlightenmentwithoutitsheat.“ToWalterIsaacson,thismakesFranklinheat.“ToWalterIsaacson,thismakesFranklin
8、themostaccomplishedAmericanofhisagethemostaccomplishedAmericanofhisageandthemostinfluentialininventingthetypeofandthemostinfluentialininventingthetypeofsocietyAmericawouldbecome.societyAmericawouldbecome.44HeplayedamajorroleinestablishingtheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandwaselectedthefirstpresidentofthe
9、AmericanPhilosophicalSociety.JosiahdusaiFranklin，Franklinsfather,wasatallowchandler(蜡烛制造者),asoap-makerandacandle-maker.Hemarriedtwiceandhad17children,3withhisfirstwife.Benjaminisfromhissecondwife,isJosiahs15thchildandtenthandlastson.JosiahFranklinconvertedtoPuritanisminthe1670s.The roots of American
10、 democracy-Puritan values of self-government ThreethingswereimportanttothePuritans:ThreethingswereimportanttothePuritans:thateachcongregationthateachcongregation圣会圣会beself-beself-governing;thatministersgivesermonsinsteadgoverning;thatministersgivesermonsinsteadofperformingritualssuchasaMass;andthato
11、fperformingritualssuchasaMass;andthateachmemberstudytheBiblesothateacheachmemberstudytheBiblesothateachcoulddevelopapersonalunderstandingandcoulddevelopapersonalunderstandingandrelationshipwithGod.PuritanismappealedtorelationshipwithGod.Puritanismappealedtomiddle-classindividualssuchasBenjaminmiddle
12、-classindividualssuchasBenjaminFranklinsfather,whoenjoyedthegovernanceFranklinsfather,whoenjoyedthegovernancemeetings,discussion,study,andpersonalmeetings,discussion,study,andpersonalindependence.independence.OneofJosiahscorePuritanvalueswasthatOneofJosiahscorePuritanvalueswasthatpersonalworthisearn
13、edthroughhardwork,personalworthisearnedthroughhardwork,whichmakestheindustriousmantheequalofwhichmakestheindustriousmantheequalofkings(BenFranklinwouldetchProverbs22:29,kings(BenFranklinwouldetchProverbs22:29,Seestthouamandiligentinhiscalling,heSeestthouamandiligentinhiscalling,heshallstandbeforeKin
14、gs.ontohisfathersshallstandbeforeKings.ontohisfatherstombstone).Hardworkandequalityweretwotombstone).HardworkandequalityweretwoPuritanvaluesthatBenFranklinpreachedPuritanvaluesthatBenFranklinpreachedthroughouthisownlifeandspreadwidelythroughouthisownlifeandspreadwidelythroughPoorRichardsAlmanacandhi
15、sthroughPoorRichardsAlmanacandhisautobiography.autobiography.Benjamin FranklinBenjaminFranklinwasbornonMilkStreet,inBenjaminFranklinwasbornonMilkStreet,inBoston,Massachusetts,onJanuary17,1706Boston,Massachusetts,onJanuary17,1706andbaptizedatOldSouthMeetingHouse.-andbaptizedatOldSouthMeetingHouse.-“p
16、oorandobscure“poorandobscureHisfatherpreparedhimHisfatherpreparedhimforclergy,butcouldonlysupporthimforforclergy,butcouldonlysupporthimforschoolingfortwoyearsowingtotheeconomyschoolingfortwoyearsowingtotheeconomyreasons.Ashewasavoraciousreader,hereasons.Ashewasavoraciousreader,hemanagedtomakeupforde
17、ficiencybyhisownmanagedtomakeupfordeficiencybyhisowneffort.effort.1.Hethenworkedforhisfatherforatimeand1.Hethenworkedforhisfatherforatimeandat12hebecameanapprenticetohishalf-at12hebecameanapprenticetohishalf-brotherJames,aprinter,whotaughtBenthebrotherJames,aprinter,whotaughtBentheprintingtrade.prin
18、tingtrade.2.WhenBenwas15,JamesfoundedThe2.WhenBenwas15,JamesfoundedTheNew-EnglandCourant,kur:nt?New-EnglandCourant,kur:nt?新英格兰周新英格兰周报报?，whichwasthefirsttrulyindependentwhichwasthefirsttrulyindependentnewspaperinthecolonies.newspaperinthecolonies.3.FranklinadoptedthepseudonymofMrs.3.Franklinadoptedth
19、epseudonymofMrs.SilenceDogood,“SilenceDogood,“寂寞的行善者寂寞的行善者amiddle-amiddle-agedwidowandwroteletterstothenewspaperagedwidowandwroteletterstothenewspaperandthiswidowbecamepopulararoundtown,andthiswidowbecamepopulararoundtown,whichmadehisbrotherunhappy.whichmadehisbrotherunhappy.4.Atage17,Franklinranawa
20、ytoPhiladelphia,4.Atage17,FranklinranawaytoPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania,seekinganewstartinanewcity.HePennsylvania,seekinganewstartinanewcity.HewasencouragedbyPennsylvaniaGovernorSirWilliamwasencouragedbyPennsylvaniaGovernorSirWilliamKeith(Keith(宾夕法尼亚总督吉斯爵士宾夕法尼亚总督吉斯爵士)andwenttoLondon.)andwenttoLondon.Af
21、terfindingthattheequipmentthatpromisedbySirAfterfindingthattheequipmentthatpromisedbySirWilliamKeithwasemptyheworkedasatypesetterinaWilliamKeithwasemptyheworkedasatypesetterinaprintersshop.printersshop.5.In1727,BenjaminFranklin,then21,createdthe5.In1727,BenjaminFranklin,then21,createdtheJunto,agroup
22、oflikemindedaspiringartisansandJunto,agroupoflikemindedaspiringartisansandtradesmenwhohopedtoimprovethemselveswhiletradesmenwhohopedtoimprovethemselveswhiletheyimprovedtheircommunity.TheJuntowasatheyimprovedtheircommunity.TheJuntowasadiscussiongroupforissuesoftheday;itsubsequentlydiscussiongroupfori
23、ssuesoftheday;itsubsequentlygaverisetomanyorganizationsinPhiladelphia.gaverisetomanyorganizationsinPhiladelphia.6.Franklinthenconceivedtheideaofa6.Franklinthenconceivedtheideaofasubscriptionlibrary,whichwouldpoolthefundssubscriptionlibrary,whichwouldpoolthefundsofthememberstobuybooksforalltoread.oft
24、hememberstobuybooksforalltoread.ThiswasthebirthoftheLibraryCompanyofThiswasthebirthoftheLibraryCompanyofPhiladelphia-itscharterwascomposedbyPhiladelphia-itscharterwascomposedbyFranklinin1731.Franklinin1731.Originally,thebookswerekeptinthehomesofOriginally,thebookswerekeptinthehomesofthefirstlibraria
25、ns,butin1739thecollectionthefirstlibrarians,butin1739thecollectionwasmovedtothesecondflooroftheStatewasmovedtothesecondflooroftheStateHouseofPennsylvania,nowknownasHouseofPennsylvania,nowknownasIndependenceHall.IndependenceHall.7.In1733,Franklinbegantopublishthefamous7.In1733,Franklinbegantopublisht
26、hefamousPoor Poor Richards AlmanackRichards Almanack(withcontentbothoriginaland(withcontentbothoriginalandborrowed)underthepseudonymRichardSaunders,onborrowed)underthepseudonymRichardSaunders,onwhichmuchofhispopularreputationisbased.whichmuchofhispopularreputationisbased.Apennysavedistwopencedear(of
27、tenmisquotedasApennysavedistwopencedear(oftenmisquotedasApennysavedisapennyearned)andFishandApennysavedisapennyearned)andFishandvisitorsstinkinthreedaysremaincommonquotationsvisitorsstinkinthreedaysremaincommonquotationsinthemodernworld.Hesoldabouttenthousandinthemodernworld.Hesoldabouttenthousandco
28、piesperyear(acirculationequivalenttonearlythreecopiesperyear(acirculationequivalenttonearlythreemilliontoday)milliontoday)8.In1758,theyearinwhichheceasedwriting8.In1758,theyearinwhichheceasedwritingfortheAlmanack,heprintedfortheAlmanack,heprintedFather Abrahams Father Abrahams SermonSermon,alsoknown
29、asTheWaytoWealth.,alsoknownasTheWaytoWealth.Franklinsautobiography,begunin1771butFranklinsautobiography,begunin1771butpublishedafterhisdeath,hasbecomeoneofpublishedafterhisdeath,hasbecomeoneoftheclassicsofthegenre.Daylightsavingtimetheclassicsofthegenre.Daylightsavingtime(DST)isoftenerroneouslyattri
30、butedtoa1784(DST)isoftenerroneouslyattributedtoa1784satirethatFranklinpublishedanonymously.satirethatFranklinpublishedanonymously.9.HehelpedfoundthePennsylvaniaSociety9.HehelpedfoundthePennsylvaniaSocietywhichledtotheUniversityofPennsylvania,whichledtotheUniversityofPennsylvania,andtheAmericanPhilos
31、ophicalSociety.andtheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety.美国哲学会是美国现存最古老的学术团体。于美国哲学会是美国现存最古老的学术团体。于17431743年在美国著名创造家富兰克林的推动下成年在美国著名创造家富兰克林的推动下成立。美国哲学会的总部设在宾夕法尼亚州的费城。立。美国哲学会的总部设在宾夕法尼亚州的费城。要成为美国哲学会的会员，首先必须在要成为美国哲学会的会员，首先必须在5 5个学术个学术领域，即数学与物理、生物、社会科学、人文学领域，即数学与物理、生物、社会科学、人文学科、技艺与公私领域中取得学术上的成就。科、技艺与公私领域中取得学术上的成就
32、。在在2121世纪初，美国哲学会的会员已达约世纪初，美国哲学会的会员已达约850850人。人。历史历史历史历史 17271727年，年，年，年，2121岁的富兰克林在费城组织了一个团员为年轻人，英文名岁的富兰克林在费城组织了一个团员为年轻人，英文名岁的富兰克林在费城组织了一个团员为年轻人，英文名岁的富兰克林在费城组织了一个团员为年轻人，英文名叫叫叫叫JuntoJunto的的的的“小团体，这团体注重实验和探索知识。小团体，这团体注重实验和探索知识。小团体，这团体注重实验和探索知识。小团体，这团体注重实验和探索知识。17431743年，富兰克林发表了年，富兰克林发表了年，富兰克林发表了年，富兰克林
33、发表了?在北美的英国殖民地中提高有用知识的在北美的英国殖民地中提高有用知识的在北美的英国殖民地中提高有用知识的在北美的英国殖民地中提高有用知识的建议建议建议建议?。这建议获得众人赞同，而导致美国哲学会的成立。刚成立。这建议获得众人赞同，而导致美国哲学会的成立。刚成立。这建议获得众人赞同，而导致美国哲学会的成立。刚成立。这建议获得众人赞同，而导致美国哲学会的成立。刚成立时主席是霍普金森时主席是霍普金森时主席是霍普金森时主席是霍普金森1 1，富兰克林担任秘书。创立之初，学会就吸引，富兰克林担任秘书。创立之初，学会就吸引，富兰克林担任秘书。创立之初，学会就吸引，富兰克林担任秘书。创立之初，学会就吸引
34、了美国最杰出的头脑参与其中。最早的会员包括乔治了美国最杰出的头脑参与其中。最早的会员包括乔治了美国最杰出的头脑参与其中。最早的会员包括乔治了美国最杰出的头脑参与其中。最早的会员包括乔治 华盛顿、约华盛顿、约华盛顿、约华盛顿、约翰翰翰翰 亚当斯、托马斯亚当斯、托马斯亚当斯、托马斯亚当斯、托马斯 杰斐逊、亚历山大杰斐逊、亚历山大杰斐逊、亚历山大杰斐逊、亚历山大 汉密尔顿、托马斯汉密尔顿、托马斯汉密尔顿、托马斯汉密尔顿、托马斯 佩佩佩佩恩、大卫恩、大卫恩、大卫恩、大卫 里顿豪斯、本杰明里顿豪斯、本杰明里顿豪斯、本杰明里顿豪斯、本杰明 洛希、詹姆斯洛希、詹姆斯洛希、詹姆斯洛希、詹姆斯 麦迪逊、约翰麦迪
35、逊、约翰麦迪逊、约翰麦迪逊、约翰 马马马马歇尔等人。学会同样也会吸收其他国家的哲学家作为会员，包括亚歇尔等人。学会同样也会吸收其他国家的哲学家作为会员，包括亚歇尔等人。学会同样也会吸收其他国家的哲学家作为会员，包括亚歇尔等人。学会同样也会吸收其他国家的哲学家作为会员，包括亚历山大历山大历山大历山大 冯冯冯冯 洪堡、拉法耶特侯爵、弗里德里希洪堡、拉法耶特侯爵、弗里德里希洪堡、拉法耶特侯爵、弗里德里希洪堡、拉法耶特侯爵、弗里德里希 冯冯冯冯 施托伊本、施托伊本、施托伊本、施托伊本、塔杜什塔杜什塔杜什塔杜什 科希丘什科、达什柯娃公主。科希丘什科、达什柯娃公主。科希丘什科、达什柯娃公主。科希丘什科、达
36、什柯娃公主。17691769年，美国哲学会与另一个富兰克林建立的团体美国学会联合起年，美国哲学会与另一个富兰克林建立的团体美国学会联合起年，美国哲学会与另一个富兰克林建立的团体美国学会联合起年，美国哲学会与另一个富兰克林建立的团体美国学会联合起来。富兰克林成为主席。来。富兰克林成为主席。来。富兰克林成为主席。来。富兰克林成为主席。17801780年，二学会合并，名称还是美国哲学会。富兰克林是主席。年，二学会合并，名称还是美国哲学会。富兰克林是主席。年，二学会合并，名称还是美国哲学会。富兰克林是主席。年，二学会合并，名称还是美国哲学会。富兰克林是主席。17901790年，富兰克林去世，到去世为止
37、他一直担任主席职位。而后黎年，富兰克林去世，到去世为止他一直担任主席职位。而后黎年，富兰克林去世，到去世为止他一直担任主席职位。而后黎年，富兰克林去世，到去世为止他一直担任主席职位。而后黎顿郝斯顿郝斯顿郝斯顿郝斯David RittenhouseDavid Rittenhouse担任第二任主席，第三任主席为杰担任第二任主席，第三任主席为杰担任第二任主席，第三任主席为杰担任第二任主席，第三任主席为杰斐逊。斐逊。斐逊。斐逊。建筑建筑建筑建筑Public life 1.In1736,FranklincreatedtheUnionFireCompany,1.In1736,Franklincreated
38、theUnionFireCompany,oneofthefirstvolunteerfirefightingcompaniesinoneofthefirstvolunteerfirefightingcompaniesinAmerica.America.2.InOctober1748,hewasselectedasacouncilman,2.InOctober1748,hewasselectedasacouncilman,inJune1749hebecameaJusticeofthePeaceinJune1749hebecameaJusticeofthePeace地方地方执法官执法官forPhi
39、ladelphia,andin1751hewaselectedforPhiladelphia,andin1751hewaselectedtothePennsylvaniaAssemblytothePennsylvaniaAssembly宾夕法尼亚众议院宾夕法尼亚众议院.On.OnAugust10,1753,FranklinwasappointedjointdeputyAugust10,1753,Franklinwasappointedjointdeputypostmaster-generalpostmaster-general邮政局长邮政局长ofNorthAmerica.HisofNorthA
40、merica.Hismostnotableserviceindomesticpoliticswashismostnotableserviceindomesticpoliticswashisreformofthepostalsystem,withmailsentouteveryreformofthepostalsystem,withmailsentouteveryweek.week.3.In1751,FranklinandDr.ThomasBondobtainedacharterfromthePennsylvanialegislaturetoestablishahospital.Pennsylv
41、aniaHospitalwasthefirsthospitalinwhatwastobecometheUnitedStatesofAmerica.4.In1753,bothHarvardandYaleawardedhimhonorarydegrees.Marriage Franklinestablishedacommon-lawmarriage(普通法婚姻，同居婚姻)withDeborahReadonSeptember1,1730,andbesidestakinginFranklinsyoung,recentlyacknowledgedillegitimateson,William,toget
42、hertheyhadtwochildren.FranklindiedonApril17,1790,atage84.FranklindiedonApril17,1790,atage84.Approximately20,000peopleattendedhisfuneral.HeApproximately20,000peopleattendedhisfuneral.HewasinterredinChristChurchBurialGroundinwasinterredinChristChurchBurialGroundinPhiladelphia.In1728,aged22,Franklinwro
43、tewhathePhiladelphia.In1728,aged22,Franklinwrotewhathehopedwouldbehisownepitaph:hopedwouldbehisownepitaph:TheBodyofB.FranklinPrinter;LiketheCoverofanTheBodyofB.FranklinPrinter;LiketheCoverofanoldBook,ItsContentstornout,AndstriptofitsoldBook,ItsContentstornout,AndstriptofitsLetteringandGilding,Lieshe
44、re,FoodforWorms.ButLetteringandGilding,Lieshere,FoodforWorms.ButtheWorkshallnotbewhollylost:Foritwill,ashetheWorkshallnotbewhollylost:Foritwill,ashebelievd,appearoncemore,Inanew&moreperfectbelievd,appearoncemore,Inanew&moreperfectEdition,CorrectedandAmendedBytheAuthor.Edition,CorrectedandAmendedByth
45、eAuthor.Main works and writing stylePoorRichardsAlmanac?格言历书?TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin?自传?PoorRichardsAlmanac?PoorRichardsAlmanac?格言历书格言历书?Besidessomepoemsandessays,thereareBesidessomepoemsandessays,therearemanyadagesandcommonsensewitticismsmanyadagesandcommonsensewitticismswhichbecameveryq
46、uicklyhouseholdwordsandwhichbecameveryquicklyhouseholdwordsandformanymottoesofthemostpracticalkind.Heformanymottoesofthemostpracticalkind.HeborrowedfromotherwriterslikeDefoe,SwiftandborrowedfromotherwriterslikeDefoe,SwiftandPope,buthisweremorepopularasheusedhisPope,buthisweremorepopularasheusedhisow
47、nwitandwisdomtosimplifyandenrichtheirownwitandwisdomtosimplifyandenrichtheiraxioms.axioms.Therearenogainswithoutpains.Therearenogainswithoutpains.Eattolive,andnotlivetoeat“Eattolive,andnotlivetoeat“HesaFoolthatmakeshisDoctorhisHeir,HesaFoolthatmakeshisDoctorhisHeir,Hungerneversawbadbread,Hungernever
48、sawbadbread,Hethatliesdownwithdogs,shallriseupwithfleas.Hethatliesdownwithdogs,shallriseupwithfleas.Foolsmakefeastsandwisemeneatthem.Foolsmakefeastsandwisemeneatthem.Hethatspeaksmuchismuchmistaken.Hethatspeaksmuchismuchmistaken.Fishandvisitorsstinkinthreedays.Fishandvisitorsstinkinthreedays.Greattal
49、kers,littledoers.Greattalkers,littledoers.Menandmelonsarehardtoknow.Menandmelonsarehardtoknow.Agoodwifeandhealthisamansbestwealth.Agoodwifeandhealthisamansbestwealth.Halfthetruthisoftenagreatlie.Halfthetruthisoftenagreatlie.Earlytobed,andearlytorisemakesamanhealthyEarlytobed,andearlytorisemakesamanh
50、ealthywealthyandwise.wealthyandwise.PoorRichardsAlmanacThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin?自传自传?Wasprobablythefirstofthiskindinliterature.Itisasimpleyetimmenselyfascinatingrecordofamanrisingtowealthandfamefromastateofpovertyandobscurity,thefaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmericanfirstself-mad