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1、The History of the U.K.1.Founding of the Nation 2.Shaping of the Nation 4.Rise and Fall of the Empire3.Transition to the Modern Age5.Britain since the World War III.The Founding of the NationThe Origin of the Nation(outside Invasion(55BC-1066)1.Roman Occupation Recorded History began in the year 55
2、BC,when Julius Caesar and his Roman troops invaded the land.Bet.the 8th and 5th centuries BC,the Celts became the dominant residents.Britain came from the Britons,a Celtic tribe.In 55 and 54 BC,Britain was twice invaded by Julius Caesar and again by Claudius I in 43 AD.Julius CaesarClaudius Iv2.Angl
3、o-Saxon invasionvIn 410,Germanic warriors:the Angles,the Saxons and the Jutes from todays Denmark and Northern Germany landed.vThe language of the Angles became the dominant language,and the country became known as England,meaning“the land of the Angles”.vSt.Augustine,by order of Pope Gregory I,was
4、sent to Britain to convert the Anglo-Saxons,and founded a church and a monastery in Canterbury and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury in 601.By the late 7th century,Roman Christianity became the dominant religion in Britain.St.AugustinePope Gregory Iv3.The Vikings Invasion vfrom the late 8th
5、century on,the Vikings from Scandinavian countries,Norway and Denmark in particular began to attack the English coast.Alfred the Great united the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and recaptured London in 886.vFor about the next 130 years,the power constantly shifted bet.the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes.In 1
6、052,Edward the Confessor(忏悔者)built Westminster Abby,where all of the nations coronation(加冕加冕)ceremonies have been held ever since.Alfred the GreatEdward the Confessor4.Norman Conquest in 1066(The turning point of History)On Christmas Day,1066,Duke William of Normandy was crowned King of England in W
7、estminster Abby,thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England,which marked the last time that an army from outside the British Isles succeeded in invading and the establishment of feudalism in England.Although officially William I of England,he is often referred to as William the Conqueror(1066-1087
8、).William the Conqueror(1066-1087II.The Shaping of the Nation(1066-1381)1.William Is policy towards the church and his Doomsday Book(末日审判书)1).William I wanted to keep the church completely under his control,but meanwhile to uphold its power.2).The Doomsday Book was the records of a survey of the lan
9、d of England made by order of William I I 1086-1087,and used for tax purposes and as a general reference book of the population,its property,stock etc.The survey was so called probably because the records were the final authority for disputes over property.2.Henry II and his House of Plantagenet(金雀花
10、王朝金雀花王朝)(1154-1189)1).Henry II ascended the throne in 1154 and built up a large empire including England and more than half of France.2).Henry II is best remembered for his reform of the courts and the laws.He improved the courts of justice by introducing the jury system and institutionalized common
11、 law throughout the country with the help of the Kings Council(the Great Council大议会)，which was an assembly of the tenants-in-chief of any of the Norman kings and meet three times a yearHenry IIKing John3.King John and Magna Carter(大宪章大宪章)vKing John ascended the throne in 1199.Due to his failure in a
12、 war with France,he lost Normandy in 1204.In order to avenge himself on France,he demanded more feudal taxes and army service,which caused dissatisfaction among people,esp.a group of powerful barons(男爵)who forced him to sign the Magna Carta/the Great Charter in June 1215.vThe Great Charter falls int
13、o 63 clauses,designed to prevent royal restriction of baronial privileges and feudal rights.It was a guarantee of the freedom of the church and a limitation of the kings powers.Despite all these general rights,nothing was said about serfs(农奴）.(notes)vThe Hundreds War(1337-1453)was a series of wars b
14、et.England and France over trade,territory,security and the throne.vJoan of Arc.4.The Hundred Years War and the Wars of the Roses in the 14th and 15th centuriesvThe Wars of the Roses(1455-1485)was a series of wars bet.two great noble families:the House of York,whose badge was a white rose,and the Ho
15、use of Lancaster,whose badge was a red rose.The wars lasted for 30 years.I n the end,the House of Lancaster won and their leader Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of The House of Tudor(1485-1603).King Henry VIIIII.Transition to the Modern Age(1455-1688)1.Religious Reformation He
16、nry VIII reformation of the English Church:Under his Act of Supremacy,England had separated the English Church from the Pope,and formed the Church of England under the King.vYoung and sickly Edward VI(1547-1553)issued the new Prayer Book(1549-1552)separated the new English Church even further.vQueen
17、 Mary Tudor(1553-1558),a catholic herself,ill advised and clumsily tried to restore the old Faith.Her bloody religious persecution earned her“Bloody Mary”but failed.vQueen Elizabeth I(1558-1603)executed the church settlement(教会和解)to end Marys bloody religious persecution.Under her reign,the Church o
18、f England(the Anglican Church)was consolidated and is still known as the National Church.What did the destruction of the Spanish Armada show(西班牙无敌舰队的毁灭说明了什么西班牙无敌舰队的毁灭说明了什么)？King Philip II of Spain(Bloody Marys husband)was the most powerful and seemingly wealthy man in Europe in the latter half of th
19、e 16th century.His territories in the New World brought him enormous wealth,though the expense of administering that far-flung empire meant that Spain was heavily in debt to foreign bankers.England,by comparison,was a relatively small nation,and not a particularly powerful or wealthy one.In 1588,the
20、 Spanish Armada was sent to invade England by Philip II of Spain.It was attacked by an English fleet led by Drake and Howard.The success showed Englands superiority as a naval power.2.The Civil War(1642-1649)vThe two parties in the English Civil War vThe English Civil War was actually a war between
21、King Charles I and the Parliament.The Kings men were called Cavaliers(骑士党人).vThe Parliament army was made up of yeoman farmers,middle-class townsmen,and artisans.The Presbyterians(长老会教义信徒)were on the side of the Parliament,and supporters of the Parliament were called Roundheads(圆颅党人)because of their
22、 short haircuts.vThe consequence of the English Civil War1)The English Civil War was also called the Puritan Revolution,because the Kings opponents were mainly Puritans,and his supporters chiefly Episcopalian(圣公会教徒)and Catholic.The War has been seen not only as a conflict between the Parliament and
23、the King,but also a conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes and the traditional economic interests of the Crown.The economic interests of the urban middle class coincided with their religious(Puritan)ideology while the Crowns traditional economic interests correspondingly
24、 allied with Anglican religious belief.2)The English Civil War overthrew the feudal system in England,and shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe as well.It is generally regarded as the beginning of the world modern history.vOliver Cromwell(奥立弗奥立弗克伦威克伦威尔尔)Oliver Cromwell,an English soldier
25、,a statesman,and ruler of England,was the chief commander of the Parliamentarian forces in the English Civil War against Charles I and Lord Protector of the Realm(共和国护国公)(1653-1658)in place of a king.His brief ruling period increased Britains international prestige.On his death he was succeeded by h
26、is son,Richard Cromwell,who resigned in 1659.vWhy did the Restoration take place vWhen Oliver Cromwell died in 1658,he was succeeded by his son,Richard Cromwell.The regime immediately began to collapse.One of Cromwells generals occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections.The Parliam
27、ent was thus elected in 1660 and resolved the crisis by asking another son of the late king to return from his long exile in France as King Charles(1660-1685).Britain prospered under Charles 3.Restoration and the Glorious RevolutionvThe Glorious Revolution of 1688 When King Charles II died in 1685,h
28、e was succeeded by his brotherJames(1685-1688),who was a Catholic and was brought up in exile in Europe.King James II hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views.But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago.So the English politicians rejected and app
29、ealed to a Protestant king,William of Orange,to invade and take the English throne.William landed in England in 1688 and marched upon London.The takeover was relatively smooth,with no bloodshed,nor any execution of the king.This was known as the Glorious Revolution.William III and his wife Mary II w
30、ere both protestants and became co-monarchs.They accepted the Bill of Rights(权利法案),which marked the ascendancy(统治)of parliamentary authority over the divine right that had been claimed by the Stuarts.Its the beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy(君主立宪制)in the history of Britain.vWhy was Bri
31、tain the first country to industrialize?1)Britain had a huge market.(at home and abroad)2)The colonies in America and India,England acquired enormous wealth with which to develop its industries.(The East India Company;the Royal African Company)3)The enclosure movement deprived many small landowners
32、of their property,creating a new class of“landless laborer”and providing enough free laborers for industry development.The Industrial RevolutionvHow did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?vStarting from the textile industry,the English Industrial Revolution was characterized by a series of in
33、ventions and improvements of machines.The Scottish inventor James Watt produced very efficient steam engine in 1765,which could be applied to textile and other machinery.vThe most important element in speeding industrialization was the breakthrough in smelting iron with coke(焦炭)instead of charcoal i
34、n 1709.Similar developments occurred in the forging side of the iron industry that enabled iron to replacewool and stone in many sectors of the economy.Improved transportation ran parallel with production.vAs a result of the Industrial Revolution,Britain was by 1830 the workshop of the worldno other
35、 country could compete with her in industrial production.1.The Formation of the Empire1).The British Empire began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583 2).In 1837(Queen Victoria ascended the throne)the First British Empire(colonies in Canada,Australia,New Zealand,India,many small states in t
36、he West Indies which were started by individual business people for the purpose of trade)IV.The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688-1945)3).The Second British Empire(The Victoria Age1837-1901)Queen Victoria(the longest reign of any monarch in British history):encouraging further industrializati
37、on,the building of railways and the growth of trade and commerce;adopting a very aggressive foreign policy:New ImperialismA.During the mid-19th century:Bringing colonies under the direct control of thegovernment.Australia,New Zealand and Canada became dominions(自治领)of Britain successively.B.In 1876,
38、Victoria took the title”Empress of India”and India became the“brightest jewel”on the English Crown,which served as a springboard to expand their colonies and sphere of influence in Asia.C.In East Asia:aggression against China in 1840(the Opium War)the Treaty of Nanking in 1842(Hong Kong was ceded,5
39、ports were opened for trade,colonists were granted special privileges for travel and missionary activities in China)some other small Asian states were colonized(Burma,Sri Lanka etc.)D.On the African Continent:scrambling for the fertile and productive areas.In 1875,controlling the Suez Canal;conqueri
40、ng Egypt in 1882 and occupying some other small African countries:Niger,Sudan,Uganda etc.;The Union of South Africa became the 4th self-governing dominion of the Empire.E.On the Eve of World War I:the largest colonial empire:controlling about a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter o
41、f the worlds landmass,boasting that they had an empire on which the sun never sets(日不落帝国日不落帝国).Britain in the World WarsvA conflict of interests and colonial rivalry divided Europe into 2 camps:the Central Powers(Germany,Austria-Hungary,Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria)and the Allied Powers(France,the Ru
42、ssian Empire,the British Empire,Italy,The United States).The conflict plunged the whole world into 2 devastating wars.vWorld War I made Britain suffer from great loss of manpower and considerable disruption of the economy and society,which caused Britain to lose the sea supremacy and have a huge nat
43、ional debt.Along with the Great Depression from 1929 to 1933,Britains position in the capitalist world was further weakened.vWorld War II began on Sep.3,1939 mainly due to the rise of fascism(in German,Italy and Japan),and ended on May 7,1945.Britain won the war at great costs.Its navy was 30%smalle
44、r than before the war and lost its naval supremacy forever to the United States.Besides,the country had exhausted its reserves of gold,dollars,and overseas investment,and was deeply in debt to the United States3.The Fall of the Empire As a result of World War II,most of Britains colonies demanded an
45、d fought for independence.India,Pakistan,Burma,Malaya,Egypt etc.had become independent successively.Until the 1960s,an independence movement swept the entire British Empire.More than 20 countries won their independence.The Empire had been replaced by the British Commonwealth of Nations,a loosely org
46、anized community of former British colonies.Winston Churchills Role in World War IIvstrong leadership,a coalition government and a strong personal relationship with Franklin D.Rooseveltvhis ability to inspire the British people to greater effort“I have nothing to offer but blood,toil,tears and sweat
47、.”(我没有什么可以贡献,有的只是热血、辛劳、眼泪和汗水。)vAfter the Pearl Harbor Incident in 1941,working closely with Franklin D.Roosevelt to ensure victory over Germany and Japan;a loyal ally of the Soviet Union1.Three Majestic Circles(三环外交三环外交)v)The Commonwealth CircleThe process of decolonization transformed the British E
48、mpire into the Commonwealth of Nations,with which Britain first concentrated on its trade.v2).The Europe Circle Right after World War II,Britain adopted an isolationist policy towards Europe.It refused to join the European Economic Community when it was founded in the 1950s.But with few advantages g
49、ained from the Commonwealth,Britain gradually placed emphasis on trade with European nations since the 1960s.V Britain since World War II3).Special relationship with the United StatesBritain and the United States were closely allied during World War II,and continued to work together closely in the p
50、ost war years because they shared some of the same worries about the former Soviet Union.Even today,in many aspects British and American policy-makers agree generally on many issues.Nevertheless,such“special relationship”has gone through many ups and downs.A.the 1956 Suez Crisis(P26)The Egypt tried