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1、物流英语物流英语ContentsChapter 1 Introduction to Logistics ManagementChapter 2 Supply Chain ManagementChapter 3 Procurement and Supplier Management Chapter 4 Warehousing and Distribution ManagementChapter 5 Transportation ManagementChapter 6 Information Technology in a Supply Chain Chapter 7 International
2、LogisticsChapter 8 Contract and Logistics Documentation Chapter 9 Logistics Telecommunication Learning objectivesLearning objectives3.3.Questions forQuestions for Discussion Discussion 1.1.MainMain ContentContent2.2.Phrases andPhrases and Terms Terms4.Case Study4.Case Study Chapter 1 Introduction to
3、 Logistics Learning Objectives Understand the history of logistics concept Learn the definition and boundary of logistics.Gain an understanding of competitive advantage through logistics management.Understand the mission of logistics.Learn the factors changing logistics environment.Get an overview o
4、f the new rules of logistics competition.Get an overview of the logistics network of the 21st century.Main content1.1 What is Logistics1.2 Mission of Logistics Management1.3 The Changing Logistics Environment1.4 Building the Logistics Network ofthe 21st Century1.1.1 Brief History of Logistics Emerge
5、nce 1.1 What is Logistics Rommel himself once said that“before the fighting properly,the battle is won or lost by quartermaster.”However whilst the Generals and Field Marshals from the earliest times have understood the critical role of logistics,strangely it is only in the recent past that business
6、 organizations have come to recognize the vital impact that the logistics management can have in the achievement of competitive advantage.Partly this lack of recognition springs from the relatively low level of understanding of the benefits of integrated logistics.It is paradoxical that it has taken
7、 almost 100 years for these basic principles of logistics m a n a g e m e n t t o b e w i d e l y a c c e p t e d.1.1.2 Origins and Definition of Logistics The term“logistics”originates from the ancient Greek“logos”ratio,word,calculation,reason,speech,oration.In ancient Greek,Roman and Byzantine emp
8、ires there were military officers with the title“Logistikas”who were responsible for financial and supply distribution matters.Military logistics Originally,logistics is a military term,first used in the Napoleonic era.Logistics,as a military term,is defined as the art of moving armies and keeping t
9、hem supplied.There are various definitions of different edition afterwards.But in general,there are mainly two types of definition in practice.(1)In Chinese Logistics Terms,logistics means the physical movement of goods from the supplier point to the receiver point.Based on practical need,integrated
10、 organically the variety of the basic functional activities including transportation,storage,loading and unloading,package,distribution and information management,etc.（Other activities such as waste disposal,return goods handling,etc.are also important.）(2)The Council of Logistics Management(CLM)has
11、 adopted this definition of logistics:“Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans,implements,and controls the efficient,effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods,service,and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption in order to meet cus
12、tomers requirement.”So far,many definitions of logistics have been proposed.The flowing basic definition will be extended and developed as the logistics practice progress,but it makes and adequate starting point.Then,what is logistics management in the sense that it is understood today?1.1.3 Recogni
13、zing the Boundary of Logistics One full commerce transaction consists of four elements,which are information flow,commodity(product)flow,cash flow and logistics.In manufacturing,logistics i n c l u d e s t h e f o l l o w i n g:(1)Material flows:Shipping,transportation,receiving,and storage and retr
14、ieval between plants and between production lines within a plant.(2)Information flows:Transaction processing associated with the material flow,analysis of past activity,forecasting,planning and scheduling future activity.(3)Funds flows:Payments triggered by the movements of goods and information.Log
15、istics encompasses everything that happens outside t h e f a c t o r y w a l l a s s e e n i n F i g u r e 1.1 1.1.4 Other Types of Logistics (1)Business logistics.Logistics a business concept evolved only in the 1950s.Tanimoto and Hakutoshobo(2000)call“business logistics”the effort of a company to
16、designate the expansion of these efforts to multiple tiers of suppliers and customers or distributors.In business,logistics have either internal focus(inbound logistics),or external focus(outbound logistics)covering the flow and storage of materials from point of origin to point of consumption.The m
17、ain functions of a qualified logistician include inventory management,purchasing,transportation,warehousing,consultation and the organizing and p l a n n i n g o f t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s.(2)Social logistics.Tanimoto also identifies“social logistics”as the setting,maintenance,regulation,and ta
18、xation by governments of the infrastructure within which companies operate,including the following.1.Transportation:roads,railroads,canals,ports and airports.2.Communications:voice and data communication network.3.Controls and law enforcement:inspections of goods at border crossings and verification
19、 of regulatory compliance.4.Taxation:tolls,taxes,duties,as well as incentives and subsidies designed to influence the behaviour of independent economic agents towards such common goods as preservation of the environment.5.Emergency response:Restoration of services after earthquakes,floods,fires or o
20、ther natural or human-made disasters.(3)Lean logistics.Lean logistics is the logistics dimension of lean manufacturing.Lean logistics tailors approaches to the demand structures of different items,as opposed to“one-size-fits-all”.It is a pull system:materials move when the destination signals that i
21、t is ready for them.Moving small quantities of many items between and within plants with short,predictable lead times requires pickups and deliveries at fixed times along fixed routes called“milk runs”.Toyota uses a worldwide network for logistics and markets in Japan through an Internet portal.(4)P
22、roduction Logistics.The term is used for describing logistic processes within an industry.The purpose of production logistics is to ensure that each machine and workstation is being fed with the right product in the right quantity and quality at the right point time.The issue is not the transportati
23、on itself,but to streamline and control the flow through the value adding processes and eliminates non-value adding ones.Production logistics provides the means to achieve customer response and capital efficiency.Production logistics is getting more and more important with the decreasing batch sizes
24、.In many industries(e.g.mobile phone)batch size one is the short term aim.Track and tracing,which is an essential part of production logistics due to product safety and product reliability issues,is also gaining importance especially in the automotive and the medical industry.2.Professional logistic
25、ian:A logistician is a professional logistics practitioner.Professional logisticians are often certified by professional associations.Some universities and academic institutions train students as logisticians,by offering undergraduate and postgraduate programs.3.Logistics management:Logistics manage
26、ment activities typically include inbound and outbound transportation management,fleet management,supply/demand planning,and management of third party logistics provides.To varying degrees,the logistics function also includes sourcing and procurement,production planning and scheduling,packaging and
27、assembly,and customer service.It is involved in all levels of planning and execution-strategic,operational,and tactical.Logistics management is an integrating function which coordinates and optimizes all logistics as well as integrates logistics activities with other functions,including marketing,sa
28、les,manufacturing,finance,and information technology.Supply Chain Management(SCM)encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement,conversion,and all management activities.Importantly,it also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners,w
29、hich can be suppliers,intermediaries,third-party service providers,and customers.In essence,supply chain management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies.Supply Chain Management is an integrating function with primary responsibility for linking major business functions
30、and business process within and across companies into a cohesive and high-performing business model.It includes all the logistics management activities noted above.1.2 Mission of Logistics Management 1.2.1 Logistics Management Provide Competitive Advantage Since the beginning of human civilization,t
31、here has been the“move”of the goods,so we should say,“logistics is anything but a newborn baby.”However,when it comes to modern logistics,most professionals in the business consider it one of the most competitive and exciting jobs,invisible as it is.“Logistics is a unique global pipeline that operat
32、es 24 hours a day,seven days a week and 52 weeks a year,planning and coordinating the transport and delivery of products and service to customers,theworld over.”Effective logistics management can provide a major source of competitive advantage.Seeking a sustainable and defensible competitive advanta
33、ge has become the concern of every manager who is alert to the realities of the marketplace.The source of competitive advantage is found firstly in the ability of the organization to differentiate itself,in the eyes of the customer from its competition and secondly by operating at a lower cost and h
34、ence at greater profit.At its most elemental,commercial success derives either from a cost advantage or a value advantage or,ideally,both.Put very simply,successful companies either have a productivity advantage or they have a“value”advantage or a combination of the two.The productivity advantage gi
35、ves a lower cost profile and the value advantage gives the product or offering a differential“plus”over competitive offerings.1.Productivity advantage:In many industries there will typically be one competitor who will be the low cost producer and,more often than not,that competitor willhave the grea
36、test sales volume in the sector.There is substantial evidence to suggest that“big is beautiful”when it comes to cost advantage.This partly due to economies of scale which enable fixed costs to be spread over a greater volume but more particularly to the impact of the“experience curve”.Good to know:t
37、he experience curve is phenomenon that all costs,not just production costs would decline at a given rate as volume increased.In fact,to be precise,the relationship that the experience curve describes is between real unit costs and cumulative volume.Traditionally it has been suggested that the main r
38、oute to cost reduction was by gaining grater sales volume and there can be no doubt about the close linkage between relative market share and relative cost.However it must also be recognized that logistics management can provide a multitude of ways to increase efficiency and productivity and hence c
39、ontribute significantly to reduced unit costs.2.Value advantage It has long been an axiom in marketing that“customers dont buy products they buy benefits”.These benefits may be intangible,i.e.they relate not to specific product features but rather to such thing as image or reputation.Hence the impor
40、tance of seeking to add additional values to our offerings to m a r k e t i s o u t f r o m t h e c o m p e t i t i o n.Different groups of customers within the total market attach different important to different benefits.Adding value through differentiation is a powerful means of achieving a defen
41、sible advantage in the market.Equally powerful as a means of adding valueis service.Increasingly it is the case that made markets more service sensitive and this of course poses particular challenges for logistics management.There is increasing convergence of technology within product categories whi
42、ch means that is no longer possible to compete effectively on the basis of product differences.A number of companies have responded to this by focusing upon service as a means of gaining a competitive edge.In practices what we find is that the successful companies will often seek to achieve a positi
43、on based upon both a productivity advantage and a value advantage.One thing is for sure:there is no middle ground between cost leadership and service excellence.Companies who occupy that position have offers that are distinctive in the valve they deliver and are also cost competitive.It clearly pres
44、ents the strategic challenge to logistics:it is to seek out strategies that will take the business away from the end of market towards a securer position of strength based upon differentiation and cost advantage.1.2.2Gaining Competitive Advantage through Logistics Logistics management,it can be argu
45、ed,has the potential to assist the organization in the achievement of both a cost productivity advantage and a value advantage.As Figure 1.2 suggests in the first instance there are a number of important ways,in which productivity can be enhanced for better capacity utilization,inventory reduction,a
46、nd closer integration with suppliers at a planning level.Equally the prospects for gaining a value advantage in the marketplace through superior customer service should not be underestimated.It will be argued later that the way we service the customer has become a vital means of differentiation.To s
47、ummarize,those organizations that will be the leaders in the markets of the future will be those that have sought and achieved the twin peaks of excellence:they have gained both cost leadership and service leadership.The underlying philosophy behind the logistics concept is that of planning and coor
48、dinating the materials flow from source to user as an integrated system rather than as a series of independent activities.Thus under a logistics management regime the goal is to link the marketplace,the distribution network,the manufacturing process and the procurement activity in such a way that cu
49、stomers are serviced at higher levels and yet at lower cost.In other words,to achieve the goal of competitive advantage through both cost reduction and service enhancement.1.2.3 The Mission of Logistics Management It will be apparent from the previous comments that the mission of logistics managemen
50、t is to plan and coordinate all those activities necessary to achieve desired levels of delivered service and quality at lowest possible cost.Logistics must therefore be seen as the link between the marketplace and the operating activity of the business.The scope of logistics spans the organization,