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1、Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Chapter 1The Science of PsychologyCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.20102Chapter PreviewDefining Psychology and Exploring Its RootsContemporary Approaches to PsychologyPsychologys Scientific MethodTypes of Psychologica
2、l ResearchResearch Samples and SettingsConducting Ethical ResearchLearning About Psychology Means Learning About YouCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.20103Defining PsychologyScientific study of behavior and mental processesKey terms:ScienceBehaviorMental processesCopyright McGr
3、aw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.20104Psychological Frame of MindPsychologists approach life questions as scientists.Attitudes of scientific approach:Critical thinkingCuriositySkepticismObjectivityCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.20105Science of All Human BehaviorNot
4、just about psychological disordersDiverse fieldUnderstanding truths of human life in all its dimensionsIncludes peoples best and worst experiencesCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.20106Careers in PsychologyCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.20107Historical
5、PerspectiveWestern PhilosophyBiology and PhysiologyWilhelm Wundt&StructuralismWilliam James&FunctionalismCharles Darwin&Natural SelectionCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Historical Perspectives:Western PhilosophyThe concept of childhood(Plato&Aristotle)Children in medieval
6、 and renaissance timesThe Age of EnlightenmentJohn Locke(Tabula rasa)Empiricism RousseauCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Historical Perspective:Western PhilosophyCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201010Historical Perspective:StructuralismWilhelm Wundt
7、(1832-1920)German philosopher-physicianIdentify elements,or structures,of mental processesIntrospectionCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201011Historical Perspective:FunctionalismWilliam James(1842-1910)American psychologist and philosopherIdentify purposes,or functions,of the
8、mindWhy is human thought adaptive?Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201012Historical Perspective:Evolution&Natural SelectionCharles Darwin(1809-1882)British naturalistNatural selection is adaptive and functional.WHY?Counter argument to Darwin?Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyr
9、ight McGraw-Hill,Inc.201013Contemporary ApproachesBiologicalBehavioralPsychodynamicHumanisticCognitiveEvolutionarySocioculturalCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201014Contemporary Approach:Biological ApproachFocus on brain and nervous systemNeuroscienceStructure,function,develo
10、pment,genetics,biochemistry of nervous systemBrain and nervous system as central to understanding behavior,thought,and emotionCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201015Contemporary Approach:Behavioral ApproachEmphasis on.Notable Behaviorists:John B.Watson(1878-1958)B.F.Skinner(19
11、04-1990)Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201016Contemporary Approach:Psychodynamic ApproachEmphasis on.Founding father:Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201017Contemporary Approach:Humanistic ApproachEmphasis on:Notable Humanistic
12、PsychologistsCarl Rogers(1902-1987)Abraham Maslow(1908-1970)Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201018Contemporary Approach:Cognitive ApproachEmphasis on mental processes involved in knowingHow we.Direct attentionPerceive,remember,thinkSolve problemsCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010
13、Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201019Contemporary Approach:Evolutionary ApproachUse of evolutionary ideas.as basis for explaining specific human behaviorsCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201020Contemporary Approach:Sociocultural ApproachExamination of ways in which social and cultu
14、ral environments influence behaviorFocus on comparisons of behavior across.CountriesEthnic and cultural groups within countriesCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201021Steps in the Scientific MethodCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201022Scientific Method:O
15、bservationChoose a variable.Develop a theory.Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201023Scientific Method:HypothesisFormulate a hypothesis.Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201024Scientific Method:ResearchEstablish an operational definition.Collect and analyz
16、e data.Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201025Scientific Method:ConclusionsDraw conclusions.Evaluate conclusions.Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Evaluating Measurement in Child-Development ResearchMeasurement MethodsReliabilityValidityRepresentative
17、 SamplingPopulationsSamplesCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201027Experimental Research:BiasExperimenter BiasDemand characteristicsResearch Participant BiasPlacebo effectDouble-blind experimentCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201028Types of Psychological
18、 ResearchDescriptive researchCorrelational researchExperimental researchCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Methods for Studying Development1.Scientific Methodchoose a questionformulate a hypothesisexperimental designdraw a conclusion from findings1.Interviews1.Naturalistic/S
19、tructured ObservationsCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Methods for Studying Development1.Scientific Methodchoose a questionformulate a hypothesisexperimental designdraw a conclusion from findings1.InterviewsAdvantages:Disadvantages:3.Naturalistic/Structured ObservationsCop
20、yright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Methods for Studying Development1.Scientific Methodchoose a questionformulate a hypothesisexperimental designdraw a conclusion from findings1.Interviews2.Naturalistic/Structured ObservationsAdvantages:Disadvantages:Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.20
21、10Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Methods for Studying Development1.Scientific Methodchoose a questionformulate a hypothesisexperimental designdraw a conclusion from findings1.Interviews2.Naturalistic/Structured ObservationsAdvantages:Disadvantages:Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,I
22、nc.2010Correlational ResearchResearch Design:Correlational StudiesCorrelational Designs Positive correlation Negative correlationCorrelation coefficient(r)Advantages:Disadvantages:Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201034Correlations:ScatterplotsCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Cop
23、yright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201035Experimental ResearchDetermining whether causal relationship exists between variablesExperimentRandom AssignmentCopyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201036Experiments and CausationRandom assignment helps establish causation.Independent variablesDepende
24、nt variables Experimental groups Control groups Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Studying Age-Related ChangesResearch Designs:Age-Related ChangesLongitudinal designex.Microgenetic designex.Cross-sectional designex.Longitudinal-sequential studiesex.Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc
25、.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201038Ethical ResearchHistory:World War IIResearch participants have certain rights.Human participantsAnimal researchInstitutional Review Board(IRB)Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.2010Copyright McGraw-Hill,Inc.201039APA Ethics GuidelinesInformed ConsentConfidentialityDebriefingDeception