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1、油研2013演讲与写作构思vSelecting topicsvAnalyzing audiencevSupporting ideasvOrganizing the body of the speechvBeginning and ending the speechvOutlining speechvUsing languagePurpose of speechvInform:informationvPersuade:change audiencePrinciples of specific purposesvMake sure the central idea is not too gener
2、al vExpress the central idea as a full sentencevState the central idea as a declarative sentence,not as a questionvAvoid figurative language in the central ideaexercisesvDonate bloodvTo inform my audience about the history of Western civilizationvTo inform my audience about GuilinvTo inform my audie
3、nce that something has to be done about traffic jams.vTo inform my audience how to use the subway system in Berlin,Germany.vGeneral purpose:vSpecific purpose:vCentral idea:vMain points:1.You should study abroad because it will enhance your personal development.2.You should study abroad because it wi
4、ll enhance your academic development.3.You should study abroad because it will enhance your career development.vGeneral purpose:vSpecific purpose:vCentral idea:vMain points:1.The first event in triathlon is swimming,2.The second event in triathlon is cycling.3.The first event in triathlon is running
5、.vGeneral purpose:vSpecific purpose:vCentral idea:vMain points:Analyzing audiencevAudience-centered:ObamavTo whom am I speaking?vWhat do I want them to know,believe,or do as a result of my speech?vWhat is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?Adapting to
6、 the AudiencevBefore the speech:assessing how your audiece is likely to respong to what you say in your speech;adjusting what your say to make it as clear,appropriate,and convincing.vDuring the speech:keep an eye out for audience feedback.Frown or respond with quizzical looks,you may need to back up
7、 and go over your point again.vAfter the speech:survey,modify,next speech.Supporting ideasvExamplesvStatisticsvQuotations(paraphrase)ExamplesvBrief ExamplesvExtended ExamplesvHypothetical ExamplesvBrief Examples(specific statements):vChanges in technology have made it possible for doctors to work wo
8、nders that once seemed impossible.Roger Charter,for example,lost both his feet when they were crushed in a truck accident,Now he has new feet-made of a springy plastic alloy that duplicates a normal arch.Not only can he walk normally,but he can run and play sports again.vThe miraculous nature of rec
9、ent advances in creating artificial limbs for accident victims.vJapanese businessmen have already applied Confucian ethics in their business management,and the American military academy,West Point,has taken Sunzis The Art of War as one of their textbooks,In these years,the cream of our culture,such
10、as traditional medical science and medicine,acupuncture,Tai Chi,and paper cutting,has won popularity in the world.vChinas traditional culture has vigor and vitality in todays globalization.vExtended examples(narratives,illustrations,anecdotes):telling storiesvHypothetical examples:Imagine this:your
11、father has been stricken with serious heart disease.At the hospital,your learn he has a chance to survive-if he can receive a heart transplant.But there are no heart donors available.Your father is of the 1.5 million Chinese each year who need an organ transplant but cannot get one because of a shor
12、tage of donors.vStatistics1.Use representative statistics2.Identify the sources of statistics3.Use statistics from reliable sources4.Round off complicated statistics5.Explain statisticsvQuotations(paraphrase)1.Use quotations from unbiased sources2.Identify the people quote and paraphraseOrganizing t
13、he body of the speechvBody is determined by main points.vStrategic order of main points1.Chronological order2.Spatial order3.Problem-solution order4.Topical orderChronological ordervSpecific purpose:to inform audience how the Great Wall of China was built.vCentral idea:the Great Wall of China was bu
14、ilt in three major stages.vMain points:Qin dynastyv Han dynastyv Ming dynastyvSpecific purpose:to inform audience your educational backgroundsvCentral idea:in three major stages.vMain points:Spatial ordervSpecific purpose:to inform audience about the three major regions in ItalyvCentral idea:norther
15、n,southern and central Italy have their own identities and attractions.vMain points:Problem-solution ordervSpecific purpose:to persuade audience tougher measure are needed to control illegal selling of antiques.vCentral idea:illegal selling of antiques is a serious problem that requires a combinatio
16、n of government action and individual awareness.vMain points:vSpecific purpose:to persuade audience that China should implement stricter law enforcement to prevent accidents in coal mines.vCentral idea:vMain points:Topical ordervSpecific purpose:to inform audience about the achievements of da Vinciv
17、Central idea:painter,an inventor,an astronomervMain points:vSpecific purpose:to persuade audience that China should continue its program of space explorationvCentral idea:vMain points:vSpecific purpose:to persuade audience CCTV should launch an English version of the Lecture Room.vCentral idea:vMain
18、 points:Tips for preparing main pointsvLimit the number of the main pointsvKeep main points separatevTry to use the same pattern o wording for main pointsBeginning and endingvIntroductionvConclusionIntroductionvGet attention and interest1.Relate the topic to the audience2.State the importance of you
19、r topic3.Startle the audience4.Arouse the curiosity of the audience5.Question the audience6.Begin with a quotation7.Tell a storyvCreate a positive relationship with the audiencevEatablish credibilityConclusionvReinforce the central idea1.Summarize your speech2.End with quotation3.Make a dramatic sta
20、tementvRefer to the introductionOutlining the SpeechvState the specific purpose and central ideavLabel the introduction,body,and conclusionvUse a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentationvState main points and subpoints in full sentencesvLabel transitions,Internal Summaries,and Internal PreviewsvAttach a bibliographyvGive your speech a titleTips for Outlining the Speech vMake Sure the Outline is LegiblevKeep the Outline as Brief as PossiblevGive Yourself Cues for Delivering the Speech