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1、2023 年高考英语语法精讲：虚拟语气 虚拟语气是英语中的一个难点，因为虚拟语气的用法和句型较多,动词的变化比较复杂。在学习的时候要逐个过关。同时，也要善于发现 虚拟语气的规律。根据动词的变化，大致可以把虚拟语气分为三种：一种是动词用过去式，过去分词式，或过去将来式，这主要是用if,wish,suppose 的情况;一种是动词用should+动词原形(should可以省略)，这主要用 于表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词或名词后面所接的从句，以及It is important(necessary)that后面所接的从句;一种是动词用过去式,如It is(high)time(that)和I wou
2、ld rather后面的从句。同学们还可以自己总结适合自己的规律，如把虚 拟语气句型可以分为用于简单句、条件状语从句、宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、定语从句、同位语从句等。(-)虚拟语气用于表示假设的条件状语从句，状语从句相当于汉 语的假如要是等。1、对现在的虚拟，表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句 的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were.而主句中的谓语动词用 would(should,could,might)+动词原形。见下表：条件状语从句的动词形式主句的动词形式 It is time that we took a rest.4、在I would rather(that)句型中，后
3、面的从句的谓语动词用 过去式(be的过去式用were)。这句话的意思是我宁可，表示说 话人的意愿。r d rather I were in the rain now.F d rather you did not tell him.5、用在suppose开头的祈使句中,从句的谓语动词变化与as if 后面的动词变化规律相同，用过去式、过去完成式、或过去将来式。意 思是假如但suppose是动词，不是连词。如：Suppose the boss walked in.What should I do?Suppose Saddam had not been captured.What would the
4、 U.S.do?Suppose Chen Shui-bian should declare Taiwan independent.What would China do?6、用在for fear that或lest引导的从句中，表示怕万一.等意思。从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形,should可以省略。如：She closed the windows for fear that she(should)catch cold.The officer forbade the use of artillery lest the citys industry be damaged.Lest the
5、 wall should collapse,they evacuated from the building.7.在表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词，如arrange,command,demand,desire,insist,order,propose,request,require,suggest,beg,move(提议)后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词用should+动词原 形，should可以省略，而引导宾语从句的that不能省略。例如：We suggested that we(should)have a meeting.We insisted that they(should)go with
6、 us.The doctor ordered that she(should)stay in bed for a few days.He demanded that we(should)start right away.The commander ordered that the bridge(should)be bombed.The villagers requested that the old building not be pulleddown.注意：suggest表示暗示时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气。Insist 后面强调的是事实时，宾语从句也不用虚拟语气。如：The neighbor
7、suggested that his wife was having an affair.He insisted that he was right.Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.8、使用上述表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词派生的名词，或 在这些动词用作名词时，名词之后的从句用虚拟语气，即从句的谓语动 词用should+动词原形，should可以省略。从句的引导词that不能 省略。这与上述第7项类似。如：He made a request that he(should)be allowed to take 3 days off
8、.=He requested that he be allowed to take 3 days off.Our suggestion is that education not be industrialized.二 We suggest that education not be industrialized.9、上述动词在 It is suggested that.,It is required that.,It s requested that.,Its ordered that.,It7 s arranged that.句型中，that之后的从句用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用should+
9、动词原形,should 可以省略，但引导词that不能省略。如：It was suggested that he attend the conference.It was requested that the trial be openly reported.10、在 It s important(imperative,necessary,essential,vital,desirable,advisable,better)that.句型中,that 引导的从句用虚拟 语气，即谓语动词用should+动词原形,should可以省略。这个句型 表示说话人的意见、要求等。It is essenti
10、al that there should be enough food and clothing for the winter.It is desirable that your wedding be postponed until next July.另外，在一些习惯用语中也有虚拟语气的形式。但最好把这些习惯 用语作为一种句型来记住。如：May you succeed!Long live the People7 s Republic of China!Everybody leave the room!You had better not resign.I would rather not t
11、ell you.If+主语+动词过去式(be的过去式were.在口语等非正式场合中J,he,she,it等后面也可用was.但在If I were you中，一定要用were,不能用was.I(we)should+动词原形主语+would(might,could)十动词原形 1、例句：If I were you,I should study English.If he had time,he would attend the meeting.If this were the case,it would be very awkward.2、对过去的虚拟，表示与过去的事实相反的假设时，条件状语从
12、句的谓语动词用过去完成时，主句的谓语动词用would(should,could,might)+过去分词。见下表：条件状语从司的动词形式主句的动词形式开+主语+had+过去分词i(we)should+have+过去分词 主语+could(might,could)+have+过去分词例句：If you had taken my advice,you wouldn7 t have failed in theexamination.I would have checked my paper again if I had had more timeat yesterday7 s examination.
13、You didn/t let me drive.If we had driven in turn,you wouldn,t have got so tired.3、表示与将来事实相反的假设，对将来表示怀疑，或将来的动作 不太可能实现时，条件状语从句和主句的谓语动词有以下形式：(见表)条件状语从句的动词形式(三种)主句的动词形式(l)if十主语+动词过去式(be的过去式用were),通常要与一个表 示将来的时间状语连用.(2)开+主语(任何人称和数)+should+动词原形(3)if+主语(任何人称和数)+were to+动词原形I(we)should+动 词原形主语+would(might,c
14、ould)+动词原形 请看以下句子：1)If it rains tomorrow,our picnic will be put off.(说明:The weather has been very changeable these days.)条件状语从句的谓 语动词用现在时，表示说话人认为下雨的可能性很大。2)If it rained tomorrow,our picnic would be put off.(说明:The weather has been very good these days.)条件状语从句的谓 语动词用过去时，表示说话人认为下雨的可能性不大。3)If it should
15、 rain tomorrow,our picnic would be put off.(Jj 一明天下雨，我们的野餐就推迟)。条件状语从句的谓语动词用Should+动词原形，说明下雨的可能性很小或没有可能，如果下雨，那将是出 乎意料的。4)If it were to rain tomorrow,our picnic would be put off.这句话与上一句意思几乎一模一样。If I saw him tomorrow,I would pass your note to him.If she were to miss the train tomorrow,she might come ba
16、ck and start off again the day after tomorrow.4、当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不 一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。这与以上三种情况 不同，虚拟语气的谓语动词形式没有遵循以上规律。For example:If you had worked hard,you would be very tired.(从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在。)If he had followed the doctor7 s advice,he would be quite all right now.If I were you,I woul
17、d have gone home.5.以上句型可以转换成以下形式：1）条件状语从句省略if:在书面语中，如果条件状语从句的谓语 中有were,had或should,就可以省略if,并将were,had或should 放到句首，谓语主语之前，用Were/Had/Should+主语的形式。这种虚拟语气在意义上与带if的条件状语从句相同。当然，如果从句 没有were,had,或should,就不能省略if.If I were to do it,T d do it some other way.Were I to do it,r d do it some other way.If you should
18、 fail,try again.Should you fail,try again.If you had been here earlier,you would have seen him.一 Had you been here earlier,you would have seen him.但是,If you came tomorrow,we would have the meeting.这 句话if就不能省略。而且，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略了 if的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可以说:Were it not for the expense,I would go to Ita
19、ly.但不能说：Weren7 t it for the expense,I would go to Italy.2）含蓄性虚拟语气：Without air,there would be no living things.But for your help,I couldn7 t have done it.Without electricity human life would be quite different today.6、虚拟语气省略条件从句或主句 表示虚拟语气的条件句的主句或从句有时可以省略,而省略部分的 含义仍有所体现。1）省略条件从句，如：It would be very nic
20、e.You could have done it yourself.（Sfflg If you had wanted to.上下文可以看出 You didn t want to.）（Fact:You didnz t do the work yourself because you didnz t want to.）I wouldn7 t smoke.（省略If I were you.）俵面上说我，实际上说 你。这是一种委婉的表达法。（Fact:You smoke very often.I advise you not to smoke any more.）2）省略主句：在强调条件从句时，常省略
21、主句，这种句子常表示 一种已不能实现的愿望，主要用于开only引导的感叹句中。For example:If only he were here!If only I knew more!If only he had stayed with us!（二）虚拟语气的其他句型和用法 1、用在“Wish+宾语从句中，表示很难实现或不能实现的愿望,可以翻译为但愿，悔不该等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语动词用过去式；表示将来的愿望，从句的谓语动词用would（could）+动词原形；对过去的事情表示愿望，从句的谓语动词用 had+过去分词或could+have+过去分词。Wish后面的 宾语从句必须用
22、虚拟语气，不管这个愿望是否能实现。如：I wish it were Spring all the year round.I wish you could go with us.We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.注意：wish与hope接宾语从句的区别在于：hope表示一般可 以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。Wish表示很难或不大可能实现 的愿望，宾语从句用虚拟语气。请比较：We hope we will succeed.(We don t know if we will succeed.)We wish we would succe
23、ed.(We know we can hardly succeed.)2、用在 as if/as though,或 even if/even though 引导的从句中:这时，如果从句中表示的动作发生在过去，则谓语动词用had+过去分 词形式；如果 指的 时现 在的 状况，则 用过 去式(be用were);指 将来 则 用would(should,could)+动词原形。这里只看从句动作发生的时间,与主句的时态没有关系。For example:Some metals look at first sight as though they were gold.He looked as if he
24、were an artist.He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English inthe U.S.He always sounds as if he would help you.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water,it looks as if it were broken.Even if he were here,he could not solve the problem.She looks as if/though she were ilLHe walks as if
25、 he were a king.He acted as if nothing had happened.He would not resign even if the heaven should collapse.3、在It is（high）time（that）句型中,后面的从句的谓语动词常 用过去式（be的过去式用were）,或用should+动词原形（should不能 省略）来表示。这句话的意思是”（现在）该。For example:It is time we left/should leave.It is high time that you got married.It is time that I bought a car.It is high time that I should lose some weightIt is time that I bought an apartment