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1、LECTURE 2 名词性从句 本堂目标：熟悉四种名词从句主语从句特征，重点掌握 it 结构的主语从句与强调句型的区别、宾语从句中的否定后移、名词从句的嵌套结构等，学会快速分析长难句。基础预习 所谓名词性从句，就是把这个句子当作名词使用，并在句子中充当一定的句子成分。名词性从句一般可在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语。于是我们就有了常说的四种名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句一律都用陈述语气。【名词性从句总结表】从句 引导词 连词 关系代词 关系副词 主语从句 that,whether,if(不 能 放 句首)what,whatever,who,whoever,
2、whose,whosever,which,whichever when,whenever,where,wherever,how,however,why 表语从句 that,whether,because,as,as if,as though when,where,how,why 等 宾语从句 that,whether,if when,whenever,where,wherever,how,however,why 同位语从句 that,whether 一、主语从句 主语从句是指作主语的从句，有三种类型：1由 that 引导的主语从句 that 引导的主语从句是最常见的主语从句，但把 that 从
3、句放在句首是很少见的，只有为了强调或谓语较长时，that 从句才放在句首。一般而言，that 从句都借助形式主语 it 而放在句子后部分去。复习主语从句时重点注意形式主语的使用。主语从句无论出现在哪里，that 都不能省略。由 that 引导的主语从句主要有以下几类：分类 常见结构 It be+名词+that从句 It is a pity that可惜的是 It is a fact that事实是 It is good news that真实太好了。It is no wonder that难怪 It is common knowledge that是常识。It be+形 容 词+that 从句
4、 It is possible that很可能 It is certain that可以相信 It is necessary that有必要 It is likely that很可能 It is fortunate that幸运的是 It is+过去分词+that从句 It is believed that人们相信 It is said that据说 It is reported that据报道 It is generally thought that人们普遍认为 It has been found out that现已发现 It should be noted that应当注意到 It+不及
5、物动词+that 从句 It seems that似乎 It happens that碰巧 It follows that因此；由此可见 It turns out that结果证明是 其他结构 It occurs to sb.that某人突然想起 It dawns upon/on sb.that某人突然想起 It makes no difference that无所谓。It doesnt need to be bothered that不必担忧 It is of little consequence that无关紧要。【例】(99-Passage 3)It should be observed
6、,of course,that no school,vocational or not,is helped by a confusion over its purpose.【点睛】It 作形式主语，主语从句 that no schoolover its purpose 是句子的真正主语。【译文】当然应该看到的是，不管是职业学校、还是普通学校，目标混乱都是有害无益的。【例】It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10,000 vehicles per hour,compared with the 1,500
7、 to 2,000 vehicles that can be carried by a present-day highway.【点睛】It 作形式主语，that 引导的主语从句为真正的主语。【译文】据估计，自动公路系统一个小时能够处理 10000 辆汽车，而目前一条公路只能容纳 1500 到 2000 辆。2由连接代（副）词引导的主语从句 连接代词 who,which 和连接副词 when,where,why,how 都可引导主语从句，这些连接词在从句中作主语、宾语或状语，不可省略。由它们引导的主语从句，也可用形式主语 it 引导。【例】It is no mystery to me why
8、many teenagers appear apathetic and burned out,with a“been there,done that”air of difference toward much of it.【点睛】It 作形式主语，why 引导的主语从句为真正的主语。【译文】我一点都不奇怪为什么许多青少年表现得麻木不仁、无精打采。对生活抱着一种“都见过了，都经历过了”的无所谓态度。3由关系代词 what 或 whatever 引导的主语从句 what 以及 whatever 等关系代词都可引导主语从句，它们在主语从句中担当成分，不可省略。【例】(99-Passage 5)Wha
9、t this amounts to,of course,is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.【点睛】What 引导的从句 What this amounts to 作句子的主语，that the scientisthis own writings 为表语从句。【译文】当然，这无异于说这位科学家已成为自己所写的报告的牺牲品。二、宾语从句 在句子中担当宾语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫做宾语从句。宾语从句使用的连词、关系代词、关系副词等与主语从句和表语从句一样是 that，whether，who，wh-+eve
10、r 等词。1宾语从句的时态 在写作中值得注意的是，宾语从句和其他名词性从句不同，它的时态会受到主句时态的限制。当主句是现在的时态时（一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根据实际情况而定（可以是任意时态）。【例 1】(05-Text 1)But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta,Georgia,which has just been published in Nature,suggests that it is all too monkey,as well.【点睛】本句
11、的主干结构是 a study suggests that。此处 that 引导宾语从句；主句用的一般现在时，从句根据实际情况也用的一般现在时。【译文】但是，由佐治亚州亚特兰大市艾莫里大学的沙拉布鲁斯南和弗兰斯德威尔发表在自然杂志上的研究表明，猴子身上也有这样的行为。当主句是过去的时态时（一般过去时，过去进行时），从句的时态要变为相应的过去的时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时和过去完成时）。【例 2】(06-Text 4)In the West,before mass communication and literacy,the most powerful mass medium was
12、the church,which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms.【点睛】that their souls were in danger 和 that they would someday be meat for worms 为并列的宾语从句，作 reminded的宾语。reminded 用了一般过去时，所以其后的宾语从句也用了相应的过去时态。【译文】在西方，在大众传媒和读写普及之前，最强大的大众媒体是教堂，它提醒信徒们，他们的灵
13、魂处于危险之中，他们总有一天会成为蠕虫的食物。但某些特殊的动词如 suggest,insist,order,urge,recommend 等动词后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，详细讲解请参照“虚拟语气讲堂”。【例 3】(99-Passage 4)Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans,he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment although no one had p
14、roposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.【点睛】order 后接 that 引导的宾语从句，该宾语从句的谓语用了虚拟语气“（should）+动词原形”的形式，即 be used for。【译文】他宣布反对利用这种非同寻常
15、的畜牧业技术去克隆人，下令不能用联邦基金去做这样的实验尽管还没有人提议要那么做并责成由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德夏皮罗主持的独立专家小组在 90 天内就人类克隆的国策建议，向白宫汇报。2介词宾语从句 1）that 引导的从句作介词的宾语 介词后一般不能直接跟 that 引导的宾语从句，但以下几个介词除外：besides,but,except,in,前三个介词+连词被整体看则引导条件状语从句，in that 引导原因状语从句。这些介词和后面的 that 已被当成固定搭配作复合连接词使用。【例】I could say nothing but that I was sorry.我除了说抱歉之外，没什么可
16、说的。I know nothing about him except that he is an engineer.除了知道他是一个工程师之外，我对他的情况一无所知。He differed from other people in that he always looked farther ahead in his work.和别人不同的是他在工作中比别人都看得远些。2）关系词引导的从句作介词宾语从句【例】（97-Passage 4）“The test of any democratic society,”he wrote in a Wall Street journal column,“li
17、es not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude,however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.We wont retreat in the face of any threats.”【点睛】这里有两个宾语从句，一个是 how 引导的 how well it can control expression，另
18、一个是 whether 引导的whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude,两者都是用在介词 in 后边作宾语。【译文】他在 华尔街日报 的一个专栏中写道：“对任何民主社会的检验不在于它能多好地控制言论的自由表达，而在于它是否尽可能更宽松地赋予思想自由和表达自由，但有时结果可能会大有争议或令人不悦。面对威胁，我们不会退缩。”3doubt/sure 后的宾语从句 基本句型 例示 I doubt whether/if我怀疑是否 1)I doubt whether/if he is te
19、lling the I dont doubt that.我毫不怀疑的是 truth.我怀疑他是否撒谎。2)I dont doubt that he is telling the truth.我确信他没撒谎。3)Do you doubt that he can speak English?你怀疑他会说英语吗？I am not sure whether/if.我不确定是否 I am sure that我确信 1)I am not sure whether/if the news is sure.我不能肯定这消息是否确切。2)I am sure that he can do it well.我确信他
20、会把这件事做好的。4某些形容词后的介词宾语从句 在表示知觉、感情等的形容词如 sure,afraid,glad,certain 等之后，如果跟宾语从句，则省去介词，若跟名词作宾语，则不能省略介词。【例】I am afraid that I will be late.=I am afraid of being late.我恐怕要迟到了。I am glat that my classmates will attend my birthday party.=I am glad at my classmates attending my birthday party.我很高兴，我的同学将参加我的生日聚
21、会。5不能省略关系词 that 的宾语从句 基本情况 例示 当 that 引导的从句作 learn，suggest，explain，agree，winder，prove，mean，state，feel，hold等词的宾语时。1)He went on to explain that he was not too sure about two things-the grammar and some of the idioms.他继续解释说他对语法和一些习语这两项还没有把握。2)I have learned that most of the students who are interested i
22、n Chinese take in English.我了解到大多数喜欢中文的学生对英语也感兴趣。当宾语从句较长时，往往不省略 that。We all think that what the public is badly in need of is nothing but the development of economy.我们都认为民众所急需的不是别的，正是经济的发展。当宾语从句中的主语是 this，that 时，或者 this，that 作主语定语时，that 不可以省略。1)Some people think that this part of Scotland with its la
23、kes and mountains is more beautiful than the West of England.有些人认为苏格兰的这个有山有水的地方比英格兰西部更美丽。2)The teacher said that that word that I wrote on the blackboard was wrong.老师说我在黑板上写的那个词错了。当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that 不可省略。Id love to remind you that this problem is very common and that you dont need to worry about
24、that.我想提醒你这个问题非常普遍，你没必要为此担心。当主句谓语动词与宾语从句被隔开时，不省略 that。I realized at once that I had done wrong immediately she told me all about this.她一告诉所有的事情，我就意识到我做错了。【例】(08-Text 4)Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black solders during the Revo
25、lutionary War,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.【点睛】that 引导的从句 that War 为宾语从句。因该从句较长，所以 that 不能省略。【译文】在独立战争期间，华盛顿目睹了黑人士兵的英勇，他开始相信人人生而平等。于是他不顾亲友的强烈反对，把赋予奴隶自由的决定写进了遗书。三、表语从句 在句子中担当表语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫做表语从句。表语从句可以由连词、连接代词、连接副词和关系代词等引导，并且这些词不能省略。【例】
26、（00-Passage 5）What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents.【点睛】that 引导的从句在句中作表语，故 that 从句为表语从句。【译文】奇怪的是他们或许已经从抱负中获益匪浅如果不总是他们自己的抱负，那么就是其父母或祖父母的抱负。【例】Perhaps the most commonly voiced objection to volunteer partic
27、ipation during the undergraduate years is that it consumes time and energy that the students might otherwise devote to academic pursuits.【点睛】本句的主干为 the objection is that；此处 that 引导表语从句。【译文】反对在大学期间自愿参加社会服务的最普遍的呼声也许是认为社会服务占去了学生的时间和精力，否则，学生会利用这些时间去做学术研究。1连接表语从句的系动词 表语从句所表示的内容总是和主句的主语形成对等关系，其功能是说明或解释主语。
28、除了 be 之外，可连接表语从句的系动词有 look,seem,appear,sound,taste,feel,remain 等。【例】All that happened is that we have substituted identifying and labeling,which can be done very rapidly,for the tactile sort of feel-seeing that requires much more time and concentration.【点睛】本句为一个主系表结构的句子。第二个 that 引导表语从句。【译文】所发生的一切仅仅是
29、我们用识别和作标记替代了触觉类的感知，前者可以很迅速地完成，而后者则需要多得多的时间和专注。2表语从句的引导词 连接词 例示 连词 that，whether（注意 that 不能省略，whether 不可以用 if 替换）My idea is that well all go except Lily.我的想法是除了莉莉之外我们都去。连接代词 what，whatever，who，whoever 等(从句为陈述语序)Thats what we should do.这是我们的本分。连接副词 when，where，how，why等(从句为陈述语序)This is how Jane lived.珍妮就是
30、这样生活的。关系代词 what，whatever 等(从句为陈述语序)China is no longer what she used to be.中国不再是过去的那个样子了。3.一些从属连词和词组如 because，as，as if，as though 也可以引导表语从句【例】（06-Text 4）But its not as if earlier times didnt know perpetual war,disaster and the massacre of innocents.【点睛】该句是主系表结构，其中 as if 引导表语从句。【译文】但这不是说以前的时代没有经历过连续不断的
31、战争、灾难和滥杀无辜。【例】Thats because quickly growing energy demand requires immense investment in new supply,not to mention the drain of rising energy prices.【点睛】该句是主系表结构，其中 because引导的表语从句。【译文】那是因为能源需求过快致使大量资金投入到能源供应上，不断上涨的能源价格也加剧了能源紧缺的危机。4当句子主语为 reason 时的表语从句 当句子主语是 reason 时，表语从句应当由 that 而不是 because 来引导，且 t
32、hat 可省略；但可以说“it/this/that is because.”来表示原因。【例】The reason is that modern man seems unable to redesign his institutions fast enough to accommodate the new demands,the new intelligence,the new abilities of segments of society which,heretofore,have not been taken seriously.【点睛】本句的主干为 The reason is that
33、；此处引导表语从句的 that 不能换成 because。【译文】原因在于，现代人似乎不能尽快及时地修正其已形成的各种习俗以适应那些迄今尚未被认真对待的、来自社会各阶层的新的需求、新的智慧和新的才干。四、同位语从句 如果担任同位语成分的是一个句子，那么这个句子就称为同位语从句。同位语从句的作用是解释说明被修饰的名词。特点是，抽象名词在前，表达具体内容的从句在后。【例】Nevertheless,the word mateur does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the sc
34、ientific community and,in particular,may not fully share its values.【点睛】that 引导的同位语从句，解释说明 a connotation。【译文】然而，“业余”这个词的确带有一种含义，即相关人员没有充分融入科学界，尤其是不能充分共用其价值。1同位语从句通常是由连词 that 引导 连接词在句子中不担当成分，也没有词义，但是不能省略。从意思上来看，同位语从句所表达的意思，就是与之同位的名词所表达的意思。【例】Steelworkers,airline employees,and now those in the auto in
35、dustry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates,stock market fluctuation,and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.【点睛】句末 that 引导的从句作 reality 的同位语。【译文】钢铁厂的工人、航空公司的员工以及现在的汽车业职员都开始加入那些必须为利率、股市波动和可能比退休金更“长寿”的严峻现实而发愁的百万家庭的行列。2when,where,how,why 等词也可能引
36、导同位语从句 如果同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“什么时候、什么地点、什么方式、什么原因、是否”等含义，应用 when,where,how,why,whether 等词引导同位语从句。【例】The reason why a great conductor makes notations on his musical scores marks them up again and again each time he returns to study them is the reason why you should mark your books.【点睛】why 引导的两个从句均为同位语从句，分别
37、解释说明其前的reason。【译文】一个伟大的指挥家会在他的音乐曲谱上做上符号，在每次复习它们的时候一遍又一遍地做上标记，指挥家这样做的原因就是你为什么应该在你的书上做标记的原因。后面接同位语从句的抽象名词 能被同位语从句修饰的名词多表示概括性意义，如 agreement,awareness,assumption(假定),belief,conclusion,conviction(确信),concept,doubt,decision,determination,evidence(证据),explanation,fact,guarantee(保证),ground,guess,hope,idea,m
38、essage,mind,news,notion(观念),opinion,order,observation(观察),objection(反对),promise,prediction,proof,problem,proposal(建议),question,sign(迹象),suggestion,thought 等。【例】He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections,which aroused muc
39、h controversy when it was first suggested.（08-完型）【点睛】that 引导同位语从句补充说明其前的抽象名词 that。【译文】他曾经使一种观点广为人知，即某些以前人们认为不是由细菌导致的疾病实际上就是传染病，这一观点在首次提出时就引起了很多争议。【例】（99-翻译）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriat
40、e to the various branches of historical inquiry.【点睛】whether 引导同位语从句补充说明其前的抽象名词 agreement。【译文】所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。4同位语从句与被修饰名词的分隔 有时，为了保持句式的平衡，将同位语从句与被修饰的名词分隔，其间出现其他成分。【例】（08-翻译）On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics
41、that,while he was a good observer,he had no power of reasoning.【点睛】本句主干为 he did not accept the charge as well founded。that 引导的同位语从句修饰 the charge；因被修饰词 the charge 后有定语 made by，故同位语从句与被修饰的名词 the charge 分隔。【译文】另一方面，批评家指责他尽管善于观察，却缺乏推理能力，但他对此并不接受且认为此观点不成立。重点讲解 一、引导名词从句的 whether 和 if whether 可用于所有的名词性从句中，
42、而 if 只用于宾语从句和主语从句之中，两者都不能省略。1 引导主语从句时 当 whether 引导主语从句有 or not 跟随时，不能用 if 替换，同时，if 不能引导位于句首的主语从句。【例】1)It hasnt been decided whether hell buy it or not.()It hasnt been decided if hell buy it.()2)It remains to be seen if we are wrong in the matter.()If we are wrong in the matter remains to be seen.()2
43、在引导动词的宾语从句时 whether 和 if 都可以和 or not 连用，但 whether 后可直接跟 or not，而 if 则不能。【例】I dont know whether/if I can come or not.()=I dont know whether or not I can come.()I dont know if or not I can come.()我不知道我是否能来。He asked me whether/if he could get the job or not.()=He asked me whether or not he could.()He a
44、sked me if or not he could.()他问我他能否得到那份工作。3宾语从句是否定结构时 宾语从句是否定结构时，则只能用 if,而不能用 whether 引导宾语从句。【例】I dont care if he does not show up.()I dont care whether he does not show up.()他来不来我都不在乎。4介词的宾语从句只能用 whether 引导【例】We worried about whether he was in good health(or not).我们担心他的健康状况是否良好。It all depends on wh
45、ether the weather looks good.一切都取决于天气如何。二、it 结构的主语从句与强调句型的区别 it 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而 it 引导的强调句则是对句子中某一成分的强调，其结构是“it is/was that”，除过强调人可换用 who,whom 时，其他无论强调的是什么成分，都只能用 that。【例 1】1)It was in Paris where they met for the firtst tim.()2)It was in Paris that they met for the firtst tim.
46、()强调句 3)It is Mr.Smith that/who invited Professor Li to Harvard University.()强调句 4)It is a mystery how the prisoner escaped.()主语从句 5)Its well known that the Chinese people show great hosipality.()主语从句 【例 2】It was from Stephen that she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.【点睛】本句为一个强调句，而
47、不是含 it 作形式主语的主语从句。被强调的部分为 from Stephen；去掉 it was 和 that 后句子结构完整。【译文】她是从史蒂芬那儿听说那个被大家说是专家的人的。三、宾语从句中的否定后移 如果主句的谓语动词表示的是“认为、相信、猜测”等概念，如 believe,consider,think,suppose,expect,fancy,guess,reckon,imagine,feel,seem,appear 等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。【例 1】1)I dont believe hell go,will he?我相信他不会
48、走，是吗？注意其反意疑问句 2)He didnt feel that he was happy although he lived in a rich family.他虽然家庭富裕，但他觉得自己并不快乐。3)It doesnt look like the weather will clear up.天看起来不会放晴。【例 2】It doesnt seem that they know where to go.【点睛】that 引导宾语从句，因主句的谓语为 seem，故从句谓语的否定转移到了主句的谓语动词上。【译文】看来他们不知道往哪去。四、宾语从句的后置 宾语从句出现在复合结构中，即“动词it
49、 形式宾语宾语补足语that 宾语从句”，此时的宾语从句被置于补足语后边，是一个后置的宾语从句。【例】There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or,alternately,do much to protect our diminishing resources.【点睛】that 引导一个后置的宾语从句，it 来指代这个被后置的 that 宾语从
50、句。【译文】这些与防御有关的项目会不会说明生活水平提高了，或者说会不会有利于保护我们晶益减少的资源，对此有人持怀疑态度。五、名词从句的嵌套结构 一个句子可能有多个名词从句，形成“嵌套结构”，这样会使句子变得更复杂，考研英语阅读中这样的句子就很多，遇到时要仔细分析句子结构。【例】（92-翻译）No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test;what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the t