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1、LECTURE 3 状语从句 本堂目标 熟悉九大类状语从句以及各种状语从句的连接词，了解各种易混从句之间的区别以及各自的使用场合，重点掌握几种让步状语从句的特殊句型。基础预习 用来作状语的从句叫做状语从句。从本质上讲，状语从句就是用连词将几个分句连接起来，以表达分句之间特定的逻辑关系。【例】（02-Text 4）George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medi
2、cal purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.“Its like surgery,”he says.“We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If youre a physician,you can risk your patients s
3、uicide as long as you dont intend their suicide.”【点睛】6 个连接词将本段话连接起来，也就是说本段中含有 6 个状语从句，其中 as long as，if 引导条件状语从句；even if，although 引导让步状语从句；because 引导原因状语从句。【译文】波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治安纳斯认为，只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药，纵然服用此药后会加速病人的死亡，医生是无罪的。他说：“这就像做手术，我们不能把死亡称作谋杀，因为医生并没有想杀死病人，尽管他们冒着死亡的危险。如果你是一名医生，只要你没有想让病人自杀，你就能冒你的病人自杀的危
4、险。”状语从句根据其作用可分为 9 种：时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、比较和方式状语从句。一、时间状语从句 引导词 例示 as As the time went on Einsteins theory proved to be correct.when Can you spare me 5 minutes when its convenient?while While I stayed in France,I made many friends.after He changed his address after he left Beijing.before It may be m
5、any years before the situation improves.since Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China.once We didnt know how wed cope once the money had gone.by the time(that)截止到 By the time he was 10,he had begun to make his living.注意当从句用过去时，主句则用过去完成时。directly,immediately,instantly I went home di
6、rectly I had finished work.as soon as 一就 As soon as I arrive in America,Ill write to you.注意当主句是将来时，从句要用一般现在时。no soonerthan 一就 No sooner had she said it than she burst into tears.规则：主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。主句需倒装。hardly/scarcely when一就 We had hardly sat down to supper when the phone rang.Hardly had I got ho
7、me than it began to rain.规则：放句首时主句需倒装，主句需用过去完成时，从句需用一般过去时。the instant/minute/moment We hadnt met for 20 years,but I recognized her the moment I saw her.any/next time Please come here any time you are free.(ever)since Its been years since I enjoyed myself so much.We have been friends ever since we me
8、t at school.soon/shortly after Soon after he arrived,he began to work at school.till/until The baby didnt stop crying until the mother came in.the first/second time(that)The first time I saw him,I fell in love with him.every/each time 每次 Each time I listen to your advice,I get into trouble.whenever,
9、no matter when I told him to come back whenever he wants to.【例】(09-Text 1)But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits,we create parallel paths,and even entirely new brain cells,that can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks.【点睛】。本句中第一个 that 引导宾语从
10、句，此宾语从句中又包含when 引导时间状语从句，第二个 that 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 paths and brain cells。【译文】但是，大脑研究人员发现，在我们有意识地培养新习惯的同时，我们也创造了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞这些新路径和脑细胞能使我们的思路转入到新的创新轨道。二、地点状语从句 引导词 例示 where Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。wherever=no matter where Wherever you work,you will gain much valuable experience as lo
11、ng as you are willing to work.everywhere Everywhere they went,they were kindly received.anywhere Ill take you anywhere you like.我将带你到你喜欢的任何地方。【例】Earthworms exist wherever adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found.【点睛】wherever 引导地点状语从句，表示“只要在地方，就”。【译文】只要在有足够湿度、食物和必要土壤条件的地
12、方，就有蚯蚓的存在。三、原因状语从句 引导词 例示 because I didnt go,because I was afraid.as 既然 As the weather is so bad,we have to delay our journey.since 既然 Since we dont have class now,why not sing a song?for He must be ill,for he is absent today.now(that)既然 Now that the semester is finished,Im going to rest a few days
13、and take a trip.in that Liquids are like solids in that they have a definite volume.for fear lest 因恐 He whispered for fear lest his son should hear.for fear(that)以免 Shut the window for fear(that)it may rain.in as much as 因为，In as much as we have all the materials ready,we 既然 should begin the new tas
14、k at once.in so far that 因为，既然 Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in so far that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.on the ground(s)that 基于 He disliked her on the ground(s)that she is lazy.on account of the fact that 由于 I eat ice-cream so much on account of the fact that I like swee
15、t food.owing to the fact that 由于 Owing to the fact that I didnt know the way,I asked a policeman.for the reason that I often go to the concert for the simple reason that I love music.by reason that She looked down on him by reason that he was poor.considering(that)考虑到 They did the job very well,cons
16、idering that they had no experience.seeing(that)鉴于 Seeing(that)the weather is bad,well stay at home.that 因为 He felt ashamed that he had done so little.whereas 鉴于 Whereas the incidents have occurred,we should be cautious.not thatbut that不是因为而是因为 The soldiers essential honor was not that he killed his
17、 enemy,but that he was willing to die.军人真的光荣，不是杀敌，而是不惜牺牲。【例】Since large segments of the populations of many developing countries are close to the subsistence margin and essentially powerless,they tend to be the losers in this system unless they are aided by a government policy that takes into accoun
18、t the needs of all sectors of the economy.【点睛】since 引导原因状语从句，说明主句所述情况出现的原因。【译文】由于许多发展中国家的大部分人口都处于维持生计的水平，他们的经济力量非常薄弱，因此，如果政府不制定一个将经济各方面需求都考虑在内的政策对他们进行支持，他们往往会成为这个体系的受害者。四、条件状语从句 1条件状语从句的引导词 引导词 例示 if If winter comes,can spring be far behind?冬天来了，春天还会远吗？unless Lets go out for a walk unless you are to
19、o tired.if only 但愿，要是就好 If only I had known it,I wouldnt have troubled him.only if 只是当时（才）Only if we persist in carrying out the open-door policy will we achieve greater success in every field.once 一旦 China will shake the world once it awakens.in case 假如，以防 Ill leave you my phone number in case you
20、want to contact me.but that 要不是 She could not have believed it,but that she saw it.so that 只要 So that it be done,I dont care who does it.only that 如果不是 The sunset is charming,only that it is near dusk.夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏。as/so far as 至于，就而言 So far as I know,there is no such word in Chinese.as/so long as 只要
21、As long as it doesnt rain,we can play.according as 如果 According as I have the money,I will travel.in the event that 如果的话 In the event that our team wins,there will be a party.on condition that 条件是，只要 You can go out on condition that you wear an overcoat.on the assumption that假定 I work on the assumpt
22、ion that the money will come through.on the understanding that 如果 I lend him money on the understanding that he paid it back soon.on the supposition that 假定 He planned his talk on the suppostion that his hearers would be students.given(that)如果，假定 Given she is interested in children,I am sure teachin
23、g is the right career for her.providing/provided(that)假如 Well visit Europe next year provided we have enough money.suppose/supposing(that)假如 Suppose you had a million pounds,how would you spend it?assuming(that)假如 Assuming he worked hard,he will be sure to pass the test.imagine that 设想 Imagine that
24、you are in his place,how would you act?【例】(92-翻译)On the whole such a condition can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence,but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared,and only if he was not punished by lack of
25、relevant information which they possessed.【点睛】这个句子结构较复杂，但只要看懂其中的两个 only if 结构，整个句子的逻辑关系就不难理解了 but 前面的部分表示结论，两个 only if 从句则表示得出此结论所必须达到的条件。【译文】总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度与其他孩子相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的相关知识而被扣分。2条件状语从句的时态问题 具体情况 例示 1）多数情况下，主句是一般将来时，条件状语从句用一般现在时来表示。主句是过去将来时，条件状语从句用一般过去时来表示。1）
26、If the weather is terrible next week,well put off the summer camp.如果下周天气不好，我们会推迟夏令营活动。2）Father told me if I worked hard he would buy me a special gift.爸爸告诉我如果我学习努力，他会给我买一件特殊的礼物。2）有时用祈使句和情态动词来替代主句的将来时态。1）If you drink,dont drive.如果你喝了酒，千万别开车。(祈使句)2）If you feel like seeing the sights of the city,you ca
27、n take a bus tour.如果你想看城市风光，你可以坐城市观光车。(情态动词)3）He can continue to support himself and his family only if he produces a surplus.只有生产有了盈余，他才能够养活自己和家人。3）如果主句动词是 want,had better等词，则用一般现在时。1）What do you want to do if you have much money?如果你有了许多钱，你想要做什么？2）If you are expecting visitors,youd better make the
28、room clean.如果你在等着客人来访，你最好把房间打扫干净。4）有时 if 引导的从句也可以用 will,will 表示意愿。If youll just wait a moment,Ill find someone to help you.如果你愿意等一会儿，我会找人来帮助你。3if 引导的条件状语从句的省略结构 具体情况 例示 if 从句可省去其与主句相同的部分 1)Im happy if you are.你高兴我就高兴。2)I will go if you will.你如愿去，我也去。if 从句可省去主语和连系动词或助动词 be 1)Send the goods now if(the
29、y are)ready.货物如已备好，请即刻送来。2)He will come if(he is)asked.他如被邀就会来。在 if necessary,if possible 结构中省略it，be 1)If(it is)necessary,ring me at home.必要时可打电话到我家找我。2)If(it is)true,this will cause us a lot of trouble.这事若是事实，将给我们造成许多麻烦。if 常和某些不定代词构成省略结构 1)If anyone,he knows.如果有人知道，那就是他了。2)He seems to have little,i
30、f anything,to do with this.若要说他和这事有什么相关的话，那也似乎是很少的。【例】(05-完形)The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary.【点睛】句末的 if necessary 为 if 引导的条件状语从句的省略结构，其完整形式为 if it is
31、necessary。【译文】对气味不明感的解释似乎是：大脑发现，让所有的气味感受器一直工作的做法效率太低，但是在需要的时候大脑仍可以产生新的感受器。五、目的状语从句 引导词 例示 that 以便，为了 Well start early that we may arrive in time.我们早点动身，以便准时到达。so that 以便，为了 Take this medicine so that you can recover soon.吃了这药，以便你康复得更快。in order that 以便 She raised her voice loud in order that she migh
32、t be heard.她提高音量以使人能听见她。lest 以防 He wrote the name down lest he(should)forget it.他把名字写下来，以防忘记。注意从句中的虚拟语气 in case 以防，以免 Take an unbrella,in case it rains.for fear that 以防 He is working hard for fear that he should fail.to the effect that 以便，为了 He put on his glasses to the effect that he could look at
33、it.to the end that 以便，为了 We will do our best to the end that no lives may be lost.for the purpose that为了 She spoke very slowly for the purpose that we could follow her.她讲话很慢，以便我们都能跟上。to the intent that 为了 The company spent a lot of money on ad.to the intent that their products will become famous.in
34、the hope that 期望 They did various jobs in the hope that they may buy a house.【例】(03-完形)A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down.【点睛】句
35、中的 so that 引导目的状语从句，该从句中又包含一个 and 连接的两并列分句;前一分句中 as long as 引导的让步状语从句，withoutand without为后一分句的状语。【译文】组织各项活动应努力使参与者积极主动地参与其中，而后接着做其他事情，而不使他们有所愧疚，也不让别的参与者气馁。六、结果状语从句 引导结果状语从句的连词有 that,so/such.that 和 so that，with the result that 等。结果状语从句通常位于主句之后。引导词 例示 so+形 容 词(副词)+that The wind was so strong that we c
36、ould hardly move forward.风刮得那么大，我们简直寸步难行。so+形容词+a(an)+名词+that It was so hot a day that even the crops withered.天气极度炎热，连庄稼都枯萎了。such+a(an)+形容词+名词+that He made such an inspiring speech that everybody got excited.他的演讲如此鼓舞人心，大家都非常激动。so that He didnt abide by the contract,so that he was fined.他没有遵守条约，因此被罚
37、了款。to the degree/extent/that 【例】(04-翻译)The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied language of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.【点睛】这里是 sothat引导的结果状语从句，so 后接了副词 strikingly。【译文】这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到
38、充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责 Boas 和 Sapir 编造材料。七、让步状语从句 引导词 例示 although/though I had a very good time though I didnt know anybody at the party.even if/though Even though/if you say so,I do not believe it.if 即使 If he is poor,he is very honest.他虽穷，但很正直。as 尽管 Child as he was,he knew what was the
39、right thing to do.asas 尽管 As popular as he is,the president hasnt always managed to have his own way.(as)much as Much as I admire his courage,I dont think he acted wisely.while/whereas 虽然，尽管 He is experienced while/whereas he is young.他虽然年轻，但却很有经验。for all(that)尽管 For all(that)he has made mistakes,he
40、 is still a noble man.assuming(that)即使，就算 It was an exciting game,assuming no goals were scored.那是一场精彩的球赛，尽管一个球都没进。admitting(that)即使 Admitting(that)it is so,you are still in the wrong.即使情况如此，你还是错了。granting/granted that 即使 Granting that he has ability,it doest not mean that he can do the work well.就算
41、他有能力，但这也并不意味着他能把工作做好。despite the fact that 尽管 She went to America despite the fact that the doctor told her to rest.in spite of the fact that 尽管 In spite of the fact that he is poor,she still loves him.即使他很穷，但她还是爱他。notwithstanding(that)不管 Notwithstanding that he worked hard at his lessons,he failed
42、the exam in English.whetheror无论还是 Whether it rains or not,I shall go out for an outing tomorrow.不管下不下雨，我明天都要去郊游。wh-+ever=no matter wh-No matter when you call on me,you are welcome.However carefully I explained,she still didnt understand.not but,not but that/what 虽然 I cant help,not but that I pity hi
43、m.【例 1】(05-Text 4)While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s,even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.【点睛】while 引导的让步状语从句。the modestly educated 充当主语。【译文】在二十世纪六十年代以前即使是受到中等教育的人在提笔写字时也会唱高调，
44、但是从六十年代起即使最受推崇的作品也尽量在书面中使用口语。【例 2】(04-完形)All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act,although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.【点睛】连词 although 意为“尽管，虽然”。【译文】所有这些条件都会增加青少年犯罪的可能性，虽然其中的直接因果关系尚未证实。八、比较状语从句 引导词 例示 than 比 Light travel
45、s faster than sound.光传播的速度比声音快。(not)asas(不)像一样 We will give you as much help as we can.我们会尽可能地帮助你。(not)the same as(不)同一样 My stand on the case is just the same as it was 4 years ago.在这件事上的我的立场同 4 年前一样。not so much as与其说倒不如说，是不是 The great thing in this world is not so much where we stand as in what dir
46、ection we are moving.人生的意义不在于你目前身在何处，而在于你心向何方。(just)as,so 正如，所以 Just as dark clouds cannot long hide the sun,so no lies can cover up the fact.乌云遮不住太阳，谎言掩盖不了事实。no lessthan 同一样 She is no less active than she sued to be.她仍像过去一样积极。=She is as active as she used to be.no morethan 与不一样 The whale is no more
47、 a fish than a horse is.鲸不是鱼，正如同马不是鱼一样。not morethan不像一样 This book is not more interesting than that one.这本书不如那本书更有趣。the the越越 The higher you go,the less dense air becomes.【例】There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today.【点睛】than 引导比较状语从
48、句，从句省略了主语 the anxiety。【译文】当今公众心目中认为患癌症的危险性极大，应该说这种忧虑实为过分。九、方式状语从句 引导词 例示(just)as 如 When at Rome,do as the Romans do.入乡随俗。as(so)像那样的 As you like music,(so)I like poetry.as if/though 好像 He looks as if he had been hit by lightning.他那样子就像被闪电击了似的。however 不管用什么方法 Arrange your hours however you like.你可以以你喜
49、欢的任何方式来安排你的时间。like 像一样 Dont talke to me like you talk to a child.according as 取决于 They are paid according as how well they work.他们是按工作情况的好坏来领取工资。the way的方式 I shall do the job the way my father did.我将像我父亲那样做这项工作。what Air is to men what water is to fish.(=Air is to men as water is to fish).我们离不开空气，犹如鱼
50、儿离不开水。形成固定句式 A is to B what C is to D 【例】But I really had no idea that what has Jean done that Russ should treat her like this.Jean worked just so much as she was told to.【点睛】整个句子结构为 justas。as 为连词，引导方式状语从句；前面的so much 修饰 worked。【译文】但是我真的不明白，到底 Jean 做了什么，Russ 要这样对她。Jean 只是在按要求做。重点讲解 一、时间状语从句中 before 的