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1、 2011 年考研英语(一)真题 Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“abodily exercise precious to health.”But _some claims to the contrary,la
2、ughing probably h as little influence on physical filness Laughter does _short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,_ heart rate and oxygen c onsumption But because hard laughter is difficult to _,a good laugh is unl ikely to have _ benefits the way,say,walking or jogging
3、does._,instead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does,laughte r apparently accomplishes the _,studies dating back to the 1930?s indicate that laughter.muscles,Such bodily reaction might conceivably help_the effects of psychologic al stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produc
4、e other types of _ _feedback,that improve an individual?s emotional state._one classical th eory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _ physical reactions.It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry _they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.Althoug
5、h sadness also _ tears,evidence suggests that emotions can f low _ muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psych ologist Fritz.1Aamong Bexcept Cdespite Dlike 2Areflect Bdemand Cindicate Dproduce 3Astabilizing Bboosting Cimpairing Ddetermining 4Atransmit Bsustain Cevaluate Dobser
6、ve 5Ameasurable Bmanageable Caffordable Drenewable 6AIn turn BIn fact CIn addition DIn brief 7Aopposite Bimpossible Caverage Dexpected 8Ahardens Bweakens Ctightens Drelaxes 9Aaggravate Bgenerate Cmoderate Denhance 10 Aphysical Bmental Csubconscious Dinternal 11 AExcept for BAccording to CDue to DAs
7、for 12 Awith Bon Cin Dat 13 Aunless Buntil Cif Dbecause 14 Aexhausts Bfollows Cprecedes Dsuppresses 15 Ainto Bfrom Ctowards Dbeyond 1 16 Afetch Bbite Cpick Dhold 17 Adisappointed Bexcited Cjoyful Dindifferent 18 Aadapted Bcatered Cturned Dreacted 19 Asuggesting Brequiring Cmentioning Dsupposing 20 A
8、Eventually BConsequently CSimilarly DConversely Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by c hoosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1 The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan G
9、ilbert as its ne xt music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.For the most part,the resp onse has been favorable,to say the least.“Hooray!At last!”wrote Anthony T ommasini,a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of th
10、e reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,howeve r,is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.Even Tommasini,who had adv ocated Gilbert?s appointment in the Times,calls him“anunpretentious musicia n with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a description of the next music
11、director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians li ke Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.To be sure,he performs an impressive
12、variety of interesting com positions,but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall,or anywhe re else,to hear interesting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music fr om iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply tha
13、t recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.For the time,attention,and money of the a rt-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera ho uses,dance troupes,theater companies,and museums,but also with the recorde d performances of the great c
14、lassical musicians of the 20th century.There recor dings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic q 2 uality than today?s live performances;moreover,they can be“consumed”at a time and place of the listener?s choosing.The widespread availability of such r ecordings has th
15、us brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional cl assical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.Gilbert?s own interest in new music has been widely noted:Alex Ross,a classical-music critic,has de
16、scribed him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into“a markedly differ ent,more vibrant organization.But”what will be the nature of that difference?Merely expanding the orchestra?srepertoire will not be enough.If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the
17、relationship betwe en America?s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21.We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert?s appointment has Aincurred criticism.Braised suspicion.Creceived acclaim.Daroused curiosity.22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is Ainfluential.Bmodest.Crespectabl
18、e.Dtalented.23.The author believes that the devoted concertgoers Aignore the expenses of live performances.Breject most kinds of recorded performances.Cexaggerate the variety of live performances.Doverestimate the value of live performances.24.According to the text,which of the following is true of
19、recordings?AThey are often inferior to live concerts in quality.BThey are easily accessible to the general public.CThey help improve the quality of music.DThey have only covered masterpieces.25.Regarding Gilbert?s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic,the author fe els Adoubtful.Benthusiastic.Cconfi
20、dent.Dpuzzled.3 Text 2 When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exit in th e usual vague excuses,he came right out and said he was leaving“topursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcasting his ambition
21、was“verymuch m y decision,McGee”says.Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO a nd chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to r
22、un.It also sent a clear message to th e outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isn?t alone.In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure
23、,executives who don?t get the nod also m ay wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior manage rs cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be m ore willing to make the jump without a net.
24、In the third quarter,CEO turnove r was down 23%from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders th ey had,according to Liberum Research.As the economy picks up,opportunitie s will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconve ntional.F
25、or years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Kor n/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”can?tI think of a single search I?ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who j
26、umped without a job haven?t always landed in top positions q uickly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she want ed to be a CEO.It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-base d commodities exchange.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambiti ons to be a
27、 CEO.He finally took that post at a major financial institution thr ee years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The fin ancial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a ba d one.“Thetraditional rule was it?s safer to stay where you are,b
28、ut that?s be en fundamentally inverted,says”one headhunter.“Thepeople who?ve been hur t the worst are those who?ve stayed too long.”4 26.When McGee announced his departure,his manner can best be describ ed as being Aarrogant.Bfrank.Cself-centered.Dimpulsive.27.According to Paragraph 2,senior executi
29、ves?quitting may be spurred by Atheir expectation of better financial status.Btheir need to reflect on their private life.Ctheir strained relations with the boards.Dtheir pursuit of new career goals.28.The word“poached”(Line 3,Paragraph 4)most probably means Aapproved of.Battended to.Chunted for.Dgu
30、arded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that Atop performers used to cling to their posts.Bloyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.Ctop performers care more about reputations.Dit?s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the following is the best title for the
31、text?ACEOs:Where to Go?BCEOs:All the Way Up?CTop Managers Jump without a Net DThe Only Way Out for Top Performers Text 3 The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.No longer.While traditional“paid”media such as television comm ercials and print advertisements stil
32、l play a major role,companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a produ ct may create“owned”media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sale s to customers registered with its Web site.The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond c
33、onventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own pr oducts.For earned media,such marketers act as the initiator for users?respon ses.But in some cases,one marketer?s owned media become another marketer?5 s paid media for instance,when an e-commerce retailer
34、 sells ad space on its Web site.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so str ong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within t hat environment.This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travel providers s
35、uch as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.Johnson&Johnson,for example,has created BabyCenter,a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competiti ve products.Besides generating income,the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective,gives companies o
36、pportunities to learn valuable infor mation about the appeal of other companies?marketing,and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers wit h more(and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the ris k
37、 that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible,and much more damaging ways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earn ed media:an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers,other stakehold ers,or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.Mem
38、 bers of social networks,for instance,are learning that they can hijack media t o apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens,passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boy cott products,putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a c ase,
39、the company?s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful,and t he learning curve has been steep.Toyota Motor,for example,alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick an d well-orchestrated social-media response campaign,which included effor
40、ts to e ngage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news sit e Digg.31.Consumers may create“earned media”when they are A obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.B inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.C eager to help their friends promote quality pro
41、ducts.D enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32.According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature A a safe business environment.B random competition.C strong user traffic.D flexibility in organization.33.The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media 6 A invite constant conflicts
42、 with passionate consumers.B can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.C may be responsible for fiercer competition.D deserve all the negative comments about them.34.Toyota Motor?s experience is cited as an example of A responding effectively to hijacked media.B persuading customers into
43、boycotting products.C cooperating with supportive consumers.D taking advantage of hijacked media.35.Which of the following is the text mainly about?A Alternatives to conventional paid media.B Conflict between hijacked and earned media.C Dominance of hijacked media.D Popularity of owned media.Text 4
44、It?s no surprise that Jennifer Senior?s insightful,provocative magazine cove r story,“Ilove My Children,I Hate My Life,”is arousing much chatter not hing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less t han a completely fulfilling,life-enriching experience.Rather than co
45、ncluding th at children make parents either happy or miserable,Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness:instead of thinking of it as something that can be measure d by moment-to-moment joy,we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising
46、kids can be soul-cr ushingly hard,Senior writes that“thevery things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.Th
47、ere are also stories about newly adoptive and newly single mom Sandra Bullock,as well as the usual“JenniferAniston is pregnant”news.Practically every wee k features at least one celebrity mom,or mom-to-be,smiling on the newsstand s.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation,is it any w
48、onder th at admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing?It doesn?t seem quite fair,then,to compare the regrets of paren ts to the regrets of the children.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wond er if they shouldn?t have had kids,but unhappy childles
49、s folks are bothered wi th the message that children are the single most important thing in the world:7 obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course,the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Week ly and People present is hugely
50、unrealistic,especially when the parents are sin gle mothers like Bullock.According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples,single parents are the least happy of all.No shock there,considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a pa rtner to lean on;ye