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1、机密启用前大 学 英 语 六 级 考 试（模拟题第 套）试 题 册敬 告 考 生一、在答题前，请认真完成以下内容：1.请检查试题册背面条形码粘贴条、答题卡的印刷质量，如有问题及时向监考员反映，确认无误后完成以下两点要求。2.请将试题册背面条形码粘贴条揭下后粘贴在答题卡 1的条形码粘贴框内，并将姓名和准考证号填写在试题册背面相应位置。3.请在答题卡 1 和答题卡 2指定位置用黑色签字笔填写准考证号、姓名和学校名称，并用 HB 2B 铅笔将对应准考证号的信息点涂黑。二、在考试过程中，请注意以下内容：1.所有题目必须在答题卡上规定位置作答，在试题册上或答题卡上非规定位置的作答一律无效。2.请在规定时
2、间内在答题卡指定位置依次完成作文、听力、阅读、翻译各部分考试，作答作文期间不得翻阅该试题册。听力录音播放完毕后，请立即停止作答，监考员将立即收回答题卡 1，得到监考员指令后方可继续作答。3.作文题内容印在试题册背面，作文题及其他主观题必须用黑色签字笔在答题卡指定区域内作答。4.选择题均为单选题，错选、不选或多选将不得分，作答时必须使用 HB 2B 铅笔在答题卡上相应位置填涂，修改时须用橡皮擦净。三、以下情况按违规处理：1.未正确填写（涂）个人信息，错贴、不贴、毁损条形码粘贴条。2.未按规定翻阅试题册、提前阅读试题、提前或在收答题卡期间作答。3.未用所规定的笔作答、折叠或毁损答题卡导致无法评卷。
3、4.考试期间在非听力考试时间佩戴耳机。()：，），），）1.A)He canenjoymuchhigherincome.B)He canlearnmoreaboutAsianculture.C)He canhavegreaterpurchasingpower.D)He canfindalotmorecheaplabor.2.A)Workefficiency.C)Worklifebalance.B)Jobpromotions.D)Cultureshock.3.A)Thelaundryserviceisrelativelyexpensive.B)Thefoodishealthierthanawes
4、terndiet.C)ThecostislowerthanintheU.S.inallaspects.D)Onecaneasilygethelpfromthenativepeople.4.A)He dealswithseveraltimezones.B)He followshisbiologicalclock.C)He takesalittlerestafterdinner.D)He ismostcreativeintheafternoon.5.A)To findtherightinvestorsforartsorganizations.B)To stimulatecreativityinth
5、eworkplacethrougharts.C)To helpartistsgrowintosuccessfulcreators.D)To helpmanagersdevelopan appreciationofart.6.A)Theyusedifferentmethodstomotivatestaff.B)Manyofthembenefitalotfromreadingfiction.C)Theytendtolackgeneralbusinessknowledge.D)Someofthemhaveaplantowritebusinessbooks.7.A)Imaginationandanal
6、yticalskills.B)Enthusiasmandcompetitiveness.C)Sophisticationanddecisiveness.D)Empathyandcommunicativeskills.8.A)Employeemoraleattheworkplaceisboosted.B)Employees technicalskillsareenhanced.C)Competitionamongemployeesisencouraged.D)Companiesinvestmoreinemployeedevelopment.：，），），）9.A)Sharingofan under
7、usedasset.C)Nursingandcaring.B)Drivinganddelivering.D)Creativepursuits.10.A)Driversanddeliverymen.C)Electriciansandcarpenters.B)Editorsanddesigners.D)Consultantsandadvisers.11.A)Theyaresufferingslowdevelopment.B)Theycannotmeetourexpectations.C)TheyarenothingnewintheUK.D)Theyareagrowingpartofthegigec
8、onomy.12.A)Ithasahistoryofabout1600years.B)ItisaresultofEnglishcolonization.C)Ithasafixednumberofpronunciations.D)IthasmorewordsthanBritishEnglish.13.A)Ithadan influenceon SpanishandFrench.B)ItdiffershugelytotheEnglishwe usetoday.C)ItismorelikeAmericanEnglishthanmodernBritishEnglish.D)Itspreadtomany
9、countriesduringtheAmericancolonialperiod.14.A)Itisnotasinfluentialasbefore.B)Itisconstantlychanging.C)Itovershadowsotherlanguages.D)Ithasfewerlocaldialectsthanbefore.15.A)DominanceofAmericanEnglish.B)EvolutionoftheEnglishlanguage.C)FeaturesofdifferentEnglishvarieties.D)DifferencesbetweenAmericanandB
10、ritishEnglish.：，），），）16.A)Mostofthemhaveundergonemajorlifechangessincethe1990s.B)Manyofthemwereallowedtogo outsidealoneasyoungasfive.C)Theyalwaysencouragetheirkidstobe independentatan earlyage.D)Theyoftengotinargumentswiththeirparentsbeforetheageof25.17.A)Theymissedthecriticalperiodforlearningindepe
11、ndence.B)Theywereaddictedtoadventureaftertheageof12.C)Theyfailedtoseethevalueinseekingadults help.D)Theydidnt takeagapyearafterhighschool.18.A)Theyareno longerburdenedwithhomework.B)Theyfindithardtogetadrivers license.C)Theyspendmuchtimeon socialmedia.D)Theyoftenbecomevictimsofbullying.19.A)Theyarel
12、ikefamiliesasyougetolder.B)Theymakeyouhappierthanfamilies.C)Theytrytheirbestnottoletyoudown.D)Theyunderstandyoubetterthanfamilies.20.A)Theyaremoresupportive.C)Theyarelessjudgmental.B)Theyarelessstressful.D)Theyaremorehonest.21.A)Theyfallaway.C)Theybecomesuperficial.B)Theygetstrong.D)Theybecomestress
13、ful.22.A）TheyareprimarilyinMiddleEastandAfrica.B）Theyaremetwithoppositionworldwide.C）ManyofthemareleftoverBritishcolonies.D）Mostofthemaregovernedby thePope.23.A)He hasamainlysymbolicpower.B)He hasalotofofficialstateduties.C)He isthe“headofgovernment”.D)He isknownforhishandsomelooks.24.A）Themonarchwo
14、uldappointanotherPrimeMinister.B）Themonarchs authoritymightbe removed.C）Themonarchmightbe forcedtosignthedecision.D）Themonarchwoulddissolvetheparliament.25.A）SheisthesecondlongestreigningBritishmonarch.B）ShesymbolizesBritishcultureandhistory.C）SheisthemostpopularmonarchinBritishhistory.D）Sheplaysavi
15、talroleinadvancingphilanthropy.()：，Fewthingsaremoresatisfyingthansleepinglateon weekends.Butthoughtheextraz smayimproveyour 26,theydo notappeartoimproveyourhealth.Becauseanewstudyshowsthatsocalled“recoverysleep”cannotresetthebodys clockandmay 27leadtosomeserioushealthissues.“Sleeplosscan28 arangeof
16、physiologicalsystems.Itcancauseweightgain,itcandecreaseinsulinsensitivity,so itcanincreaseourriskofdiabetes.”ChristopherDepner,a physiologistattheUniversityofColorado,Bouldersaid,“Andthiscanhappenas 29 asoneortwonightsofnotgettingenoughsleep.”Depnerandhiscolleaguesinvited 30toaninedayexperiment.Oneg
17、roupwasallowedtogetafullnights sleep.Thenextwaskeptto justfivehourseachnight.Andthethirdgroupwentbackandforth,31tofivehoursofshuteyeduringtheworkweek,allowedasmuchsleepastheywantedovertheweekend,andthenbacktofivehoursforthelastcoupledays.“Well,thekeyfindingsfromthisstudyshowthatwhenwe maintaininsuff
18、icientshortsleepschedulesduringa typicalworkorschoolweek,we findthatthisleadspeopletoeatmorethantheyneedandthisleadstoweightgain.”So itseemsa lossofsleepleadstoa(n)32insnacking.Butevenmoresurprising,sleepinginon theweekenddoesnt 33.“We foundthataftertheweekend,whentheywentbacktogettinginsufficientsl
19、eepduringtheworkor schoolweek,we foundthattheirliverandtheirmuscleinsulinsensitivityor bloodsugarregulationwasreduced.Andthisisnotsomethingwe hadfoundinpeoplewhomaintained 34insufficientsleepschedules.So its possiblethat,yes,thisisa 35ofthebodys abilitytoregulatebloodsugarforthosespecifictissuesafte
20、rtheweekend.”A)actuallyB)chronicC)helpD)impactE)moodF)providedG)quickH)rarelyI)repairJ)researchersK)restrictedL)strengthM)surgeN)volunteersO)worsening：，.AIttook$1.1billionanda 1,000strongteamtoproveEinsteinrightaboutgravitationalwaves.In2016,thescientistsbehindtheLaserInterferometerGravitationalWave
21、Observatory,or LIGO,announcedthattheyhadfinallydetectedthese（涟漪）in thefabricof spaceandtime,formedby collidingblackholes.“LIGOwasamasterpieceof 21stcenturyengineeringandscience,”saysJamesEvans,a sociologistattheUniversityofChicagowhostudiesthehistoryofscience.“Butitwasperhapsthemostconservativeexper
22、imentinhistory.Ittesteda 100yearoldhypothesis.”B“Bigscience,”ofwhichLIGOisa primeexample,isbecomingmorecommon.Fundingagenciesarechannelingmoremoneytowardeverlargerteamsworkingon grandprojectssuchascatalogingthediversityof ourcellsor sequencingthegenomesof allspecies.Theresevenagrowingfieldof metares
23、earchdedicatedto studyinghow teamsworkthescienceof teamscience.CSomeprojectsrequiretheselargeteams,andthreemembersoftheLIGOteameventuallywonaNobelPrize.Butthecomparativeneglectofsmallteamsandsoloresearchersisa problem,Evanssays,becausetheyproduceverydifferentkindsof work.He collaboratedwithhiscollea
24、gueLingfeiWutolookatmorethan65 millionscientificpapers,patents,andsoftwareprojectsfromthepastsixdecades.Ineveryrecentdecadeandinalmosteveryfield,Wu s analysisfound,smallteamsarefarmorelikelytointroducefresh,disruptiveideasthattakescienceandtechnologyinradicallynewdirections.D“Bigteamstakethecurrentf
25、rontierandexploitit,”Evanssays.“They(拧)thetowel.Theygetthatlastounceofpossibilityoutofyesterdays ideas,fasterthananyoneelse.Butsmallteamsfuelthefuture,generatingideasthat,iftheysucceed,willbe thesourceof bigteamdevelopment.”EThat“runscountertotheusualthinkingthatlargeteams,whicharetypicallybetterfun
26、dedandworkon morevisibletopics,aretheonesthatpushthefrontiersof science,”saysStaaMilojevic,who studiesinformationmetricsin scienceatIndianaUniversityBloomington.Sherecentlyfounda similarpatternby analyzingthetitlesof20 millionscientificpapersandshowingthatbiggerteamsworkon a relativelysmallsliceofto
27、picsina field.Otherscientistshavemadesimilarpoints,butwhatEvansdescribesasa“Go teams!”attitudestillpersists.Theresultsofthenewanalysisshould“(使变淡)someofthatenthusiasmforlargeteamsanddemonstratethattheremaybe atippingpointafterwhichtheirbenefitsdecline,”saysErinLeaheyfromthe UniversityofArizona,whoha
28、spreviouslywrittenaboutthe“overlookedcostsofcollaboration.”FThenewanalysisisbasedon thewaysinwhichresearcherscitepastwork.Forexample,whenscientistsciteEinsteins groundbreaking1915paperson generalrelativity,theytendnottoreferbacktothepapersthatcited.“Theyseeitasa conceptuallynewdirectionthatsdistinct
29、fromthethingson whichitbuilt,”Evanssays.Butifscientists“thinkthatsomethingisan(逐 渐的)improvement,theylltellthewholestoryin thereferences.”Forexample,a1995paperdescribingalongtheorizedstateof mattercalledaBoseEinsteincondensateisalmostalwayscitedtogetherwiththepapersinwhichthephysicistSatyendraNathBos
30、eandEinsteinpredictedthestuffs existence.G Wuquantifiedthesedifferencesusinga“disruptionscore,”originallycreatedby otherresearchersto measuretheinnovativenessof inventions.Wushowedthatitworkswellforscientificresearch.Whenrankedby theirscores,papersthatdescribeNobelPrizewinningworkappearedinthetop2pe
31、rcent,as didthosechosenby scientistswhowereaskedto namethemostdisruptivepapersintheirfield.Reviewsthatsummarizeearlierworkareinthebottomhalfoftherankings,whiletheoriginalstudiestheyre basedon appearin thetopquarter.Itsa“simpleyetbrilliant”method,especiallybecauseitworksacrossdatasourcesas diverseasp
32、apers,patents,andsoftware,saysSatyamMukherjeeoftheIndianInstitutesofManagement.HHavingtestedthisscorein variouswaysto showthatitsvalid,Wuuseditto showthatsmallteamsproducemarkedlymoredisruptiveworkthanlargeones.Thatstrueevenforpatents,whichareinnovativeby definition.Its trueforhighlycitedworkandpoor
33、lycitedwork.Its trueineverydecadefromthe1950stothe2010s.Its trueinfieldsrangingfromchemistrytosocialsciences.ISo whyaresmallteamsmoredisruptive?Its possiblethattheydo moretheoreticalwork,whilebigteams(suchasLIGO)areneededtotesttheresultingtheories,butEvansandhiscolleaguescouldnt findanyevidenceforth
34、isin theirdata.Anotherpossibility:Themostgroundbreakingscientistspreferworkinginsmallteams.ButEvansdoesnt buythat,either.Evenwhenthesamepeoplemovefromsmallteamstolargerones,he says,theyendup doinglessdisruptiveandmoreincrementalscience.JInstead,he andhiscolleaguesfoundthatlargeteamstendto buildon re
35、cent,prominentwork,whilesmallteamsprobemoredeeplyintothepast,drawinginspirationfromolderideasthatmayhavelongbeenignored.(Evansdidnt useafixeddefinitionof“small”or“large,”butmostofhisanalysescomparedteamsrangingfromoneto 10 people;somescientistsmightconsidera10personteamtobe on thesmallside.)At first
36、,Evanswassurprisedby thatdifference;surely,largeteamshavemoreeyeballsandmorecollectivememory?Buthe nowsuspectsthatscientistson largeteamsalsoargueandinterferewithoneanother,andthattheyre morelikelyto find commongroundinyesterdays hits.Largeteamsalsorequirelotsof funding,whichmakesthemmorepressuredto
37、 paythebillsanddrivesthemtowardsaferwork.“Whatdoesabigmovieproductionstudiobeton:SlumdogMillionaireor Transformers9?”he asks.KButsmallteamsalsopaya heavycost.Theirdisruptiveworkhasno readymadeaudience,andislessobviouslyrelevanttotheirpeers.As Evansandhiscolleaguesfound,suchworktakesmuchlongertobe re
38、cognizedandcited.Evenifiteventuallyinfluenceslargerteams,as itoftendoes,enoughtimepassesthatotherresearchersarelesslikelytocitetheoriginal,disruptivework.LYouNa Lee,whostudiesscientificinnovationattheNationalUniversityof Singapore,saysthatresearchteamsarenoweffectivelybehavinglikefirms,whichalsotend
39、tobe moredisruptiveatasmallsize.“Thisstudyisevidencethattheecologyofscienceandtheecologyofinnovationarebecomingverysimilar,”shesays.Thebigdifferenceis thatthebusinessworldactivelyencouragesentrepreneurshipandsmallstartups.Thats nottrueforscience,but“unconditionallyallocatingpotsofgovernmentgrantsfor
40、smallwildspiritscanbe a boldpolicymove,”shesays.MButEvanscautionsthatmoneywont workin isolation.Whenhe andhiscolleaguesanalyzedfundingtrendsfrom2004and2014,theyfoundthatwhensmallteamswerefundedby topgovernmentagenciessuchas theNationalScienceFoundation,theywereno morelikelytoproducedisruptiveworktha
41、nlargeteams.Somethingaboutthecurrentfundingenvironmentseemstostripsmallteamsoftheirnaturaladvantages,forcingthemtobehavelikebigones.“Itsnotthatwe canjustshovemoneyintheirdirection,”Evanssays.NStill,he arguesthatagenciesmustfindbetterwaysof encouragingsmallteams.Theydont justdo differentkindsof scien
42、ce,buttheycreateworkthatlargeteamsthenbuildupon.Disenfranchisethem,andyoudestabilizethefoundationsuponwhichbigsciencerests.“In 10years,wellbe wonderingwhereallthebigideasare,”Evanssays.“Somepeoplewillwonderifscienceisslowingdownandweve eatenallthelowhangingfruit.Andtheanswerwillbe yes,becauseweve on
43、lybuiltenginesthatdo that.”36.Its foundthatNobelPrizewinningpapersfellwithinthetop2percentof themostdisruptivepapers,whilereviewarticleswereinthelowerhalfoftherankings.37.Itisaconventionalbeliefthatlargeteamsadvancethefrontierofscientificdevelopment.38.Bigteamstendtobuildon morerecent,popularideas,w
44、hilesmallonesreachfurtherintothepastforpromisingideas.39.In thecurrentfundingenvironment,smallteamswouldbe lessdisruptiveoncetheygetfundedbytopgovernmentagencies.40.Anewanalysisofover65 millionpapers,patents,andsoftwareprojectsfoundthatsmallteamsproducemoredisruptiveandinnovativeresearchthanbigones.
45、41.In thecontextofbigscience,fundingagenciespreferlargerteamsoversmallerones.42.Ifwe arenotseriousaboutsupportingandnurturingsmallteams,itspossiblethatsciencewillslowdowninthenearfuture.43.Largeteamsaremoresensitivetotheriskof failure,becausetheyareundergreaterpressuretosecurefundingstreamsandsucces
46、stopaythebills.44.Comparedwithworkby bigteams,thatby smallteamshastowaitmuchlongertobe accepted.45.Evansbelievesthatevena mostpioneeringscientists disruptivenesswilldropashe movesfromasmallteamtoalargerone.：），），）Shouldcollegemajorsbe athingof thepast?ThatideareceivedafreshairingwhenauthorJeffreySeli
47、ngosuggestedthatcollegemajorslimitstudentsfromdevelopingtheskillstheyneedtobeeffectiveintodays digitaleconomy.He citesexamplesof innovationsandradicalpracticesatsomecollegesanduniversitiestoboosthiscase.Butinthemostrecentvolumeof“How CollegeAffectsStudents:21stCenturyEvidencethatCollegeWork,”theauth
48、orsfoundoverwhelmingsupportthatcollegemajorsareassociatedwithmanypositiveeducationaloutcomes,suchas contentmasteryandcriticalthinking.Theauthorsalsofoundthatcollegemajorsarerelatedtoearningmoremoneyovera lifetime.Evenmorecompellingishowgraduatesfromdifferentmajorsfareinthelabormarket.Comparedtostude
49、ntswhofindajoboutsideof theirselectedmajor,thosewholandajobcloselyrelatedtotheirmajorfieldof studyaremuchmorelikelytoreporthigherratesofemployment,jobsatisfactionandearningsovertime.Whatremainsunknownispreciselywhy thecollegemajorplayssuchan importantroleinhelpingstudentssucceed.Whatdoesacollegemajo
50、rrepresent?Doesacollegemajorsignifyexposuretocurriculaandpracticesthatbringstudentstogetherbasedon sharedacademicinterests?Withoutgoodanswersto thesequestions,collegesanduniversitiesmustbe carefulnotto abandon collegemajorsentirely.Completelyendingcollegemajorsmayinviteahostofproblems.Endingcollegem