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1、慧考博考博第一品牌 慧网 考博咨QQ：400 622 4468 第 1 共 10 1.Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Opponents of affirmative action say the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over,despite the Supreme Courts ruling Monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body.Higher educa
2、tion leaders overwhelmingly hailed the decision,saying it reaffirmed policies used by most selective colleges and universities.But some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits,and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Educations Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable
3、policies.“Were talking about admissions programs,scholarships,any program.only for minorities or in which the standards used to judge admissions are substantially different,”says Linda Chavez,founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity,a conservative non-profit group.Others say theyll
4、take their case to voters.“We have to seriously contest all this at the ballot box,”says University of California regent Ward Cannerly,who helped win voter approval of Californias Proposition 209,which prohibits considering race or gender in public education,hiring and contracting.Because of that la
5、w,Mondays ruling had no practical impact in the state.“It may be time for us to.let the(Michigan)voters decide if they want to use race as a factor in admissions,”Connerly said Monday.Meanwhile,U.S.Education Secretary Rod Paige,consistent with President Bushs stance opposing affirmative action,said
6、the Department of Education will“continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions”.Even Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O Connor,in one of the opinions,recommended that states look for lessons in race-neutra
7、l programs being tried in California and elsewhere.While the ruling said admissions officials may consider race in the selection process,colleges and universities are not obligated to do so.“Ultimately in the debate,diversity is a choice,not a legal mandate,”says Arthur Coleman,a former Department o
8、f Education official who now helps colleges and universities ensure constitutional policies.The public,too,remains conflicted,largely along racial lines.According to a january poll by the non-profit research organization Public Agenda,慧考博考博第一品牌 慧网 考博咨QQ：400 622 4468 第 2 共 10 79%of Americans said it
9、is important for colleges to have a racially diverse student body,while just 54%said affirmative action programs should continue.In a Gallup poll conducted days before the ruling,49%of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43%did not,with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the pra
10、ctice than whites.And some educators doubt that with Mondays ruling,those opposing affirmative action will change their minds.For now,admissions officials and university lawyers are poring over the ruling to determine how or whether to adjust policies.While most tend to be closed-mouthed about admis
11、sions policies,many say they dont expect significant changes.2.What the critics said in the first paragraph amounts to the idea that _.A.no admission policies based on race should be implemented.B.minority applicants should be given favorable considerations.C.different standards for admitting minori
12、ty students should be set up.D.selective colleges and universities should be punished for their discriminatory policies.3.Connerly insists that the Courts ruling should _.A.win approval from Californian voters before it is put in effect B.be contested by the Michigan voters with an opinion poll C.be
13、 applied in some states before it is extended to other states D.produce the intended practical effect before it is widely accepted4.What is the attitude of the Department of Education towards affirmative action?A.Neutrality B.Objection C.Approval D.Indifference5.Which of the following is True about
14、affirmative action according to the text?A.A vast majority of people support it.B.The minorities claim it to be a discriminatory policy.慧考博考博第一品牌 慧网 考博咨QQ：400 622 4468 第 3 共 10 C.The minority students are more likely to welcome it.D.the Courts decision will certainly change peoples attitude to it.6.
15、It can be inferred from the text that one of the major objectives of affirmative action is to _.A.ensure race-neutral programs are set up in college and universities B.adapt the Supreme Courts ruling to college situations C.formulate the right policies for college admissions D.discourage the practic
16、e of racial discrimination in college admissions7.Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Whenever two or more unusual traits or situations are found in the same place,it is tempting to look for more than a coincidental relationship between them.The high Himalayas and the Tibetan plate
17、au certainly have extraordinary physical characteristics and the cultures which are found there are also unusual,though not unique.However there is no intention of adopting Montesquieus view of climate and soil as cultural determinants.The ecology of a region merely poses some of the problems faced
18、by the inhabitants of the region,and while the problems facing a culture are important to its development,they do not determine it.The appearance of the Himalayas during the late Tertiary Period and the accompanying further raising of the previously established rages had a marked effect on the clima
19、te of the region.Primarily,of course,it blocked the Indian monsoon(季)from reaching Central Asia at all.Secondarily,air and moisture from other Directions were also reduced.Prior to the raising of the Himalayas,the land now forming the Tibetan uplands had a dry,continental climate with vegetation and
20、 animal life similar to that of much of the rest of the region on the same parallel,but somewhat differen than that of the areas farther north,which were already drier.With the coming of the Himalayas and the relatively sudden drying out of the region,there was a severe thinning out of the animal an
21、d plant population.The ensuing incomplete Pleistocene glaciations(冰)had a further thinning effect,but significantly did not wipe out life in the area.Thus after the end of the glaciation there were only a few varieties of life extant from the original continental species.Isolated by the Kunlun range
22、 from the Tarim basin and Turfan depression,species which had already adapted to the dry steppe climate,and would otherwise have been 慧考博考博第一品牌 慧网 考博咨QQ：400 622 4468 第 4 共 10 expected to flourish in Tibetan,the remaining native fauna and flora(植物)multiplied.Armand describes the Tibetan fauna as not
23、having great variety,but being“striking”in the abundance of the particular species that are present.The plant life is similarly limited in variety,with some observers finding no more than seventy varieties of plants in even the relatively fertile Eastern Tibetan valleys.with fewer than ten food crop
24、s.Tibetan“tea”is a major staple,perhaps replacing the unavailable vegetables.The difficulties of living in an environment at once dry and cold.and populated with species more usually found in more hospitable climates,are great.These difficulties may well have influenced the unusual polyandrous(一妻多夫制
25、)societies typical of the region.Lattimore sees the maintenance of multiple-husband households as being preserved from earlier forms by the harsh conditions of the Tibetan uplands,which permitted no experimentation and“froze”the cultures which came there.Kawakita,on the other hand,sees the polyandry
26、 as a way of easily permitting the best householder to become the head husband regardless of age.His detailed studies of the Bhotea village of Tsumje do seem to support this idea of polyandry as a method of talent mobility is a situation where even the best talent is barely enought for survival.In s
27、um,though arguments can be made that a pre-existing polyandrous system was strengthened and preserved(insofar as it has been)by the rigors of the land,it would certainly be an overstatement to lay causative factors of any stronger nature to the ecological influences in this case.8.What are the“unusu
28、al traits or situations”referred to in the first sentence?A.Patterns of animal and plant growth.B.Food and food preparation patterns of the upland Tibetans.C.Social and familial organization of typical Tibetan society.D.All of the above.9.The purpose of the passage is to _.A.analyze the possible cau
29、sal links between Tibetan ecology and society B.describe the social organization of typical Tibetan villages C.describe Tibetan fauna and flora D.analyze the mysteries of the sudden appearance of the Himalayas 慧考博考博第一品牌 慧网 考博咨QQ：400 622 4468 第 5 共 10 10.The author s knowledge of Tibet is probably _.
30、A.based on firsthand experience B.the result of lifelong studies C.derived from books only D.limited to geological history11.According to the passage,which of the following would probably be the most agreeable to Montesquieu?A.All regions have different soils and thus,different cultures.B.some regio
31、ns with similar climates will have similar cultures.C.Cultures in the same area,sharing soil and climate,will be essentially identical.D.The plants of a country,by being the food of its people,cause the people to have similar views to one another.12.The species of fauna and flora remaining in Tibet
32、after the Pleistocene glaciation can properly be called continental because they _.A.are originally found in continental climates B.are the only life forms in Tibet,which is as big as a continent C.have been found in other parts of the Asian continent D.are found in land mass that used to be a separ
33、ate continent 13.Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Auctions are public sales of goods,conducted by an officially approved auctioneer.He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers,or“bids”,for the various items on sale.He encourages buyers to bid higher figures,and
34、 finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods.This is called“knocking down”the goods,for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands.This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction
35、,and the English word comes from the Latin auctio,meaning“increase”.The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war;these sales were called sub basra,meaning“under the spear”,a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather.In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth c
36、enturies goods were often sold“by the candle”:a short candle was lit by the auctioneer,and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction.Among these are coffee,hides,skins,wool,tea,cocoa,furs,spices,fruit and vegetables and wines.Auction sal
37、es are also usual for land and property,慧考博考博第一品牌 慧网 考博咨QQ：400 622 4468 第 6 共 10 antique furniture,pictures,rare books,old china and similar works of art.The auction rooms at Christies and Sothebys in London and New York are world famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particul
38、ars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers.If the advertisement cannot give full details,catalogues are printed,and each group of goods to be sold together,called a“lot”,is usually given a number.The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in
39、 numerical order;he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in.The auctioneers services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price tha goods are sold for.The auctioneer therefore has a direct inte
40、rest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling,and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods.He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low.He will also play on the rivalries a
41、mong his buyers and succeed in getting a hight price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other.It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a“reserve”price,that is,a price below which the goods cannot be sold.Even the best auctioneers,however,find it difficult to stop a
42、“knock out”,whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other,but nominate one of themselves as the only bidder,in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices.If such a“knock-out”comes off,the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.14.A can
43、dle used to burn at auction sales _.A.because they took place at night B.as a signal for the crowd to gather C.to keep the auctioneer warm D.to limit the time when offers could be made 15.An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers _.A.the current market values of the goods B.details of the goods
44、to be soldC.the order in which goods must be sold D.free admission to the auction sale 慧考博考博第一品牌 慧网 考博咨QQ：400 622 4468 第 7 共 10 16.The auctioneer may decide to sell the“lots”out of order because _.A.he sometimes wants to confuse the buyers B.he knows from experience that certain people will want to
45、buy certain items C.he wants to keep certain people waiting D.he wants to reduce the number of buyers 17.An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because _.A.then he earns more himself B.the dealers are pleased C.the auction-rooms become world famous D.it keeps the customers int
46、erested 18.A“knock out”is arranged _.A.to keep the price in the auction room low B.to allow one dealer only to make a profit C.to increase the auctioneers profit D.to help the auctioneer 19.Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished
47、statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:All types of stress study,whether under labor
48、atory or real-life situations,study mechanisms for increasing the arousal level of the brain.The brain blood flow studies show that reciting the days of the week and months of the year increases blood flow in appropriate areas,whereas problem solving which demands intense concentration of a reasonin
49、g type produces much larger changes in the distribution of blood in the brain.Between these basic studies of brain function and real life situations there is still a considerable gap,but reasonable deduction seems possible to try and understand what happens to the brain.Life consists of a series of
50、events which may be related to work or to our so-called leisure time.Work may be 慧考博考博第一品牌 慧网 考博咨QQ：400 622 4468 第 8 共 10 relatively automaticas with typing,for instance,it requires intense concentration and repetition during the learning phase to establish a pattern in the brain.Then the typists fi