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1、Unit 9 Healthy Life 健康生活 Text 1 Headaches Everyone has suffered from headaches,but until recently medical researchers were not certain what caused them.New research is giving us more information about two common types of headaches:tension headaches and migraine(偏头痛)headaches.The most painful ones ar
2、e migraines,which occur about eight to ten percent and are experienced as a very sharp,throbbing pain(跳动着作痛).Most headaches,however,are tension headaches.They are unpleasant,of course,but not as painful as the migraine.Usually they are experienced as a dull ache on both sides of the head or in the b
3、ack or forehead.These headaches are caused by the tightening of the muscles of the head and neck,which in turn causes the blood vessels to narrow,making it difficult for the brain to receive the oxygen it needs.This is what causes the pain.Migraines,on the other hand,result from the blood vessels in
4、 the brain enlarging,causing swelling in the brain.This swelling results in terrible pain.The headache may last for a day or two and leave the individual sick and weak.Migraines are apparently inherited,because several individuals in the same family usually have them.Doctors believe that the brains
5、of these individuals react in unusual ways to small problems,like failing a test or eating foolishly.Sometimes there are warning signals before a migraine occurs,such as spots appearing before the eyes or a sick feeling in the stomach.If the person takes medicine or caffeine(咖啡因)as soon as he or she
6、 begins to feel the headache coming on,it can be avoided.Caffeine and the medicine cause the blood vessels to narrow.Once the headache has started,sleep and a cool cloth on the head may help.People who have migraines may also have tension headaches following a migraine attack.Alcohol,which widens th
7、e blood vessels,can help tension headaches,and warm cloths on the head can help the person relax and thereby weaken the pain.A attack B avoided C dull D experienced E inherited F narrow G react H swelling I tension J thereby K tightening L unpleasant M widens 头痛 每个人都曾饱受头痛之苦，但直到最近医学研究者们还不能确定是什么导致头痛。新
8、的研究将告诉我们更多的关于两种常见类型头痛的信息：紧张性头痛和偏头痛。令人最痛苦的是偏头痛，当今大约有百分之八到十的人患有偏头痛，表现为强烈的搏动性疼痛。然而大多数的头痛是紧张性头痛。当然它们是令人不愉快的，但却不像偏头痛那样使人痛苦。通常表现为头的两侧，或者后脑，或者前额隐隐作痛。这些头痛是由头部和颈部肌肉拉紧造成的，从而导致血管变细，使得大脑很难接收它所需要的氧气。这就是导致疼痛的原因。相反，偏头痛是由大脑中的血管扩张导致大脑内部的肿胀而引起的。这种肿胀导致令人恐怖的疼痛。头痛可能会持续一两天，使病人感到不舒服、身体虚弱。很明显偏头痛是遗传的，因为在同一个家庭里通常有几个人患有偏头痛。医生
9、认为这些人的大脑对一些小问题，比如考试失败或用餐不体面等的反应和一般人不同。有时，偏头痛发作前会出现征兆，像眼前有斑点或者胃感觉恶心等。如果病人在她；他感觉头痛要来时就喝一些药或者咖啡因，头痛就可以避免。咖啡因和药物使得血管变细。一旦开始头痛，睡眠和在头上放一块凉爽的布也会有所帮助。那些患有偏头痛的人在偏头痛发作之后可能也会出现紧张性头痛。酒精能使血管扩张，对缓解紧张性头痛会有所帮助，在头上敷热布也能帮助人放松，从而减轻疼痛。难 句 解 析 1.The most painful ones are migraines,which occur about eight to ten percent
10、and are experienced as a very sharp,throbbing pain(跳动着作痛).【分析】复合句。其中 which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰 migraines,从句中含有两个谓语动词 occur 和 are experienced。2.These headaches are caused by the tightening of the muscles of the head and neck,which in turn causes the blood vessels to narrow,making it difficult for the brain
11、 to receive the oxygen it needs.【分析】复合句。which 引导的非限制性定语从句修饰其前面的一句话,making.needs 是动词的现在分词作状语，表结果，位于句末的 it needs 是省去 that 的定语从句，修饰 the oxygen。3.Alcohol,which widens the blood vessels,can help tension headaches,and warm cloths on the head can help the person relax and thereby weaken the pain.【分析】并列复合句。
12、由两个并列分句组成，由 and 连接，在第一个分句中 which 引导的非限制性定语从句修饰其前边的主语 alcohol，在第二个分句中 thereby 前后的成分是因果关系。下面我们学习文中标红的高频词#09#09 高频词汇 tension /9tenSFn/n.紧张(状态)；拉紧；张力，拉力；紧张局势【词根】来自 tens(e)(紧张的)ion(名词后缀)紧张【搭配】nervous tension 神经紧张；muscular tension 肌肉绷紧；international tension 国际紧张局势【引申】同根tense a.紧张的，心烦意乱的 v.(使)绷紧 n.(动词的)时态【
13、活用例句】The tension soon transmitted itself to all the members of the crowd.这种紧张情绪很快感染了人群中所有的人。experience*/Ik9spI5rI5ns/n.&vt.经历；经验，体验【联想】exper(看作 expert 专家)ience(名词后缀)专家有丰富的阅历【搭配】gain experience in 获得经验；experience setbacks 遭遇挫折【写作例句】In the absence of social knowledge and experience,students would not
14、be likely to adjust to the future society which is full of severe competitions.缺乏社会知识和经验，学生们将不可能适应充满激烈竞争的未来社会。unpleasant /(f6)n9plezFnt/a.使人不愉快的，令人讨厌的【引申】同义annoying a.讨厌的nasty a.令人讨厌的，险恶的nuisance n.令人讨厌的人或事物反义pleasant a.令人愉快的【阅读例句】And yet we all know people who are filled with joy,despite the unplea
15、sant circumstances of their lives.我们都知道那些即便身处困境也能微笑面对的人。06.12 dull*/d(f6)l/a.隐约的；乏味的；低沉的；笨的【联想】和充实的(full)相反的是乏味的(dull)【搭配】a dull ache 隐痛【活用例句】We dont know why so many people in that region like to wear dresses of such dull colors.我们不知道为什么该地区有那么多人喜欢穿颜色这么暗的衣服。同义 tedious /9ti:dj5s/a.乏味的，单调的，冗长的【联想】ted(
16、看作 tea 茶)i(我)ous(的)我一个人喝茶乏味的【搭配】a tedious speech 冗长乏味的发言；tedious work 单调乏味的工作；tedious speaker 说话啰嗦的人【活用例句】How can he give us such a tedious lecture!他怎么能做这么沉闷乏味的演讲。tighten /9taItn/v.使紧，变紧【搭配】tighten up 使更紧，使更严；tighten these screws 把这些螺钉旋紧【引申】反义 loosen v.解开，放松 同缀 共享-en 动词后缀 darken vt.(使)变暗brighten vt.
17、(使)变亮fasten vt.扎牢，扣住hasten vt.催促，加速strengthen vt.加强，巩固threaten vt.恐吓，威胁worsen vt.(使)变恶化【活用例句】If the economy gets worse,we shall just have to tighten our belts.如果经济形势继续恶化，我们就不得不节衣缩食过紧日子了。narrow*/9nr5U/v.(使)缩小，压缩 a.狭窄的，狭隘的；勉强的 【搭配】narrow down 缩小范围【引申】同义slim a.苗条的，纤细的；薄的；(机会)少的，小的【活用例句】Tom passed the e
18、xamination by a narrow margin.汤姆考试勉强及格 swell*/swel/v.肿胀，膨胀，鼓起；增强，增多；扩大#09 n.波浪起伏；鼓起，隆起；增强，增加【联想】s well(泉)像泉水一样冒起来膨胀，增大【阅读例句】These swells of water come ashore at tremendous speeds and cause most of the damage done to beach-front buildings.海浪以惊人的速度冲向岸边，给沿岸的房子造成巨大的破坏。04.1 inherit*/In9herIt/vt.继承【词根】in(
19、表加强)herit(继承人)【引申】同义succeed to 继承【阅读例句】The author believes emotional energy is inherited and genetically determined.作者认为情感力量可以通过遗传获得。06.12 react*/rI9kt/v.反应【词根】re(back)act(起作用)起作用反应【搭配】react against 反抗；react to 对作出反应【引申】同根reaction n.反应，反作用 同义answer v.反响，响应respond vi.回答，响应，作出反应【活用例句】Iron reacts with
20、water and air to produce rust.铁与水和空气起化学反应而生锈。avoid*/59v(e7)Id/vt.避免，预防，避开【联想】逃离(avoid)寂寞(void)【搭配】avoid doing sth 避免；预防；避开做某事【引申】同义keep away from.远离prevent.from.避免【活用例句】They avoided appearing on television.他们避免在电视上露面。07.6 attack*/59tk/v.&n.进攻，攻击 n.(疾病)侵袭，发作【联想】at(加强)tack(看作 tank 坦克)用坦克加强进攻【搭配】heart
21、attack 心脏病发作【引申】同义outbreak n.(疾病的)发作【活用例句】谚 A man of moral integrity does not fear any slanderous attack.人正不怕影子斜。widen /9waIdn/vt.加宽，放宽 vi.变宽【搭配】widen the road 拓宽道路【引申】同义expand v.扩大，扩张，扩展；膨胀【写作例句】The gap between the rich and the poor has widened.贫富之间的差距已经拉大。thereby*/8De59baI/ad.因此，从而【活用例句】Regular ex
22、ercise strengthens the heart,thereby reducing the risk of heart attack.经常锻炼可以增强心脏功能，从而减少心脏病发作的危险。下面我们学习文中标黑的常用词#09#09 常用词汇 type*/taIp/n.类型，种类，品种；铅字 v.(用打字机等)打(字)【搭配】type errors 打字错误；a rare type of blood 罕见的血型【引申】同义style n.风格，文体；时尚 vt.(根据新款式)设计【听力例句】So Ive done different types of things.所以，我做过不同类型的工作
23、。07.6 近形 stereotype /9sterI5taIp/vt.对形成固定看法 n.陈规，固定的模式(或形象)【联想】stereo(立体的)type(类型)这种立体的类型很老套【活用例句】He doesnt conform to the usual stereotype of the city businessman with a dark suit and rolled umbrella.他不像典型的城市商人那样，穿一身深色的套服、带一把收好的雨伞。painful*/9peInf5l/a.疼痛的，使痛苦的【引申】同义aching a.疼痛的bitter a.痛苦的tender a.疼
24、痛的；温柔的【活用例句】My back is so painful that I cannot stand upright anymore.我的背疼痛难忍,我现在甚至站不直了。sharp*/SA:p/a.急剧的，猛烈的【引申】同义severe a.剧烈的，严重的steep a.急剧的；险峻的biting a.刺痛的，尖锐的反义dull a.隐约的同根sharpen vt.使敏锐；陡峭；使尖锐 vi.变锋利【写作例句】Nowadays our college graduates have to face sharp competition for jobs.现在，我们大学毕业生们必须面对激烈的就
25、业竞争。同义 acute /59kju:t/a.激烈的；敏锐的；(疾病)急性的；尖的【联想】a cut(切)e得了急性(阑尾炎)，要手术切除急性的，严重的【搭配】acute disease 急性病；acute shortage of.严重缺乏【活用例句】Sherlock Holmes was a man of acute observation,and he wouldnt omit any details.福尔摩斯是个观察力敏锐的人，他从不会漏掉任何的细节。keen*/ki:n/a.(on)热心的，渴望的；敏锐的；强烈的；锋利的【近音】国王(king)的目光很敏锐(keen)【搭配】a ke
26、en sportsman 热心运动的人；a keen mind 敏捷的思考；a keen sense of tradition 强烈的传统意识；be keen on 热心的，渴望的【活用例句】I wasnt too keen on going to the party.我不太想去参加这次聚会。/He took a keen interest in his grandsons education.他对孙子的教育很感兴趣。同义 intense*/In9tens/a.强烈的，剧烈的；专注的；热切的【词根】in(表加强)tense(紧张的)【搭配】intense interest 浓厚的兴趣；an i
27、ntense look 专注的神态【活用例句】There was intense competition between the rival companies to get the contract.为得到这份合同，各不相让的两家公司展开了激烈的竞争。派生 intensify /In9tensIfaI/v.(使)增强，(使)加剧 【引申】同根intensity n.强烈；强度intensive a.深入细致的【活用例句】My first failure only intensified my desire to succeed.我的初次失败更加强了我成功的信念。muscle /9m(f6)s
28、l/n.肌肉；体力；力量，实力【谐音】“马瘦”瘦马肌肉多肌肉【搭配】pull a muscle 拉伤肌肉【活用例句】He is an intelligent player but lacks the muscle of older competitors.他是个聪明的选手，但却缺乏老对手那样的体力。receive*/rI9si:v/vt.收到，接到；遭受；接见，欢迎【引申】同根receipt n.发票，收据receiver n.(电话)听筒；接收器reception n.接待会，欢迎会同义 accept vt.接受interview vt.&n.接见，面试【写作例句】I am against
29、students attending colleges at their own expense.Part of the reason is that those candidates who cannot afford the tuition might have fewer opportunities to receive higher education.我反对学生自己解决上大学的费用，部分原因在于那些无力支付学费的学生可能较少有机会接受更高的教育。enlarge /In9lA:dZ/v.增大，扩大【词根】en(使)large(大的)【搭配】enlarge on 进一步详述；enlarg
30、e ones views 开阔眼界，增长知识；enlarge a photo 放大照片【引申】同义broaden v.放宽，扩大magnify vt.放大，扩大反义reduce vt.减少，缩小【写作例句】To enlarge vocabulary,students can read extensively.为了扩大词汇量，同学们可以广泛阅读。同缀 enrich*/In9rItS/vt.(使)丰富；(使)充实 【词根】en(使)rich(富裕的)使富裕【搭配】enrich the power of expression 丰富表达力；enriched bread 营养丰富的面包；enrich t
31、he soil 使土壤肥沃【活用例句】Music can enrich your whole life.音乐能丰富你的人生。同缀 enhance /In9hA:ns/vt.提高，增加，增强【联想】增加(enhance)机会(chance)【搭配】enhance ones reputation 提高知名度；enhance efficiency 提高效率【阅读例句】Interest in pursuing international careers has soared in recent years,enhanced by chronic(长久的)personnel shortages that
32、 are causing companies to search beyond their home borders for talent.近几年来，由于长时间的人员紧缺，许多公司都跨出国界寻求人才，从而使得人们到海外寻求工作的热情和兴趣日益高涨。06.6 spot*/sp(e7)t/n.地点，场所 vt.认出；玷污，弄脏【搭配】on the spot 在场，到场；spot the differences 发现区别【活用例句】I finally spotted my friend in the crowd.我终于在人群中看见了我的朋友。relax*/rI9lks/v.(使)放松，轻松，(使)松
33、弛；放宽；缓和【词根】re(=back)lax(放松)松弛到原来的状态使放松【活用例句】We could relax the procedure slightly in your case.我们可以根据你的情况通融一些。Text 2 Changing Diet for Nutrients In most corners of the world malnutrition(营养不足)is plainly a matter of out-right insufficiency of food for the population where the majority of the people d
34、o not obtain enough food calories to meet minimal needs for support of physical work and for maintenance of health.Elsewhere the problem may be not one of insufficient calories but of lack of specific nutrients essential to health.In Latin America as in other places,the dread protein deficiency dise
35、ase kwashiorkor is taking its heavy toll of childrens lives.Strategic vitamins and minerals may be lacking due to traditional diets which are nutritionally imbalanced.Here people continue their eating pattern year after year without knowledge of what their dietary habits are doing to themselves and
36、to future generations.With a basic knowledge of nutritional needs and deficiencies,efforts could be directed to finding food substitutes which could meet these needs.Mixtures of vegetable proteins,like soybeans and peanuts,could provide an abundance of cheap,useful protein where meat,eggs,and milk a
37、re not within economic reach of large groups in the population.Efforts could also be expended on increasing the agricultural productivity in specific regions；where large areas are given over to relatively inefficient use as grazing land,the intensive production of vegetable protein crops could bring
38、 remedial nutrition to an undernourished population.Elsewhere,enrichment with specific vitamins and minerals of traditional staple foods that are deficient in essential nutritive factors could wipe out disabling deficiency diseases,like beriberi or pellagra,almost overnight.Similarly,addition of min
39、ute amounts of inexpensive iodine to salt could benefit large areas where endemic(地方性的)goiter has been accepted as an integral(基本的)part of life for generations.A benefit B deficiency C enrichment D essential E intensive F maintenance G Mixtures H obtain I reach J imbalanced K insufficiencyL remedial
40、 M substitutes 改变饮食结构 获取营养 世界上很多地方大部分人口摄取不到足够的热量以满足进行体力劳动和维持健康的最基本需求，对于这些人来说营养不良显然是食物缺乏所造成的。在另一些地方，问题可能不是缺乏热量，而是缺乏健康必需的特定营养。像其他一些地方一样，在拉丁美洲，可怕的蛋白质缺乏病夸休可尔症导致了大量的儿童死亡。由于传统饮食营养不均衡，可能导致重要的维生素和矿物质的缺乏。这里的人们年复一年地继续着他们的饮食方式，而不知道他们的饮食习惯对他们和后代会有什么影响。人类了解营养需求和营养不足的基本知识后，就会努力寻找能够满足这些需求的替代食物。在人口都没有经济能力购买肉、蛋和奶的地方
41、，植物蛋白的混合物，比如大豆和花生，能够提供充裕而廉价有益的蛋白质。在一些特定的地区，在那些将大面积土地用作产能相对较低的农业生产领域，如用作牧场等的地方，也可以努力提高农业生产力；植物蛋白作物的集约生产能够为营养不足的人口补给营养。在其他地方，在缺乏基本营养要素的传统主食中增加特定的维他命和矿物质就能在一夜之间消除伤残性的缺乏症，如脚气病或糙皮病等。同样地，在食盐中添加微量的、便宜的碘可以令绝大多数地方受益，而这些地方已经将地方性甲状腺肿大这样的病世代默认为生命的基本组成部分。难 句 解 析 1.In most corners of the world malnutrition is pla
42、inly a matter of out-right insufficiency of food for the population where the majority of the people do not obtain enough food calories to meet minimal needs for support of physical work and for maintenance of health.【分析】复合句。句首的介词短语作地点状语，where 引导的定语从句修饰 in most corners of the world，该定语从句中to meet min
43、imal needs.health 作目的状语。2.Strategic vitamins and minerals may be lacking due to traditional diets which are nutritionally imbalanced.【分析】复合句。其中 due to 短语表原因，which 引导定语从句修饰 traditional diets。3.Elsewhere,enrichment with specific vitamins and minerals of traditional staple foods that are deficient in e
44、ssential nutritive factors could wipe out disabling deficiency diseases,like beriberi or pellagra,almost overnight.【分析】复合句。其中 with 引导的短语作 enrichment 的定语，that 引导定语从句修饰 traditional staple foods，like 引导的介词短语作状语，almost overnight 作插入语。下面我们学习文中标红的高频词#09#09 高频词汇 insufficiency /8Ins59fISFnsI/n.缺乏，不足【搭配】insu
45、fficiency of money 缺钱【引申】同根sufficient a.足够的，能胜任的insufficient a.不足的，不够的insufficiently ad.不能胜任地【活用例句】The case was dismissed because of the insufficiency of evidence.该案因证据不足而撤销。obtain*/5b9teIn/vt.获得，得到 vi.通用，流行，存在【词根】ob(附近)tain(hold 持有)触手可及的获得【搭配】obtain knowledge 获得知识；obtain information about the war 获
46、得关于战争的消息；obtain a decent job 得到一份体面的工作【引申】同根obtainable a.能得到的，可到手的【听力例句】Obtaining good health insurance is a real necessity while you are studying overseas.去国外留学，获取一份健康保险真的是非常必要的事情。07.12 maintenance /9meIntIn5ns,-tn5ns/n.维持，保持；维护，保养；抚养费【搭配】maintenance of health 维持健康；maintenance costs 维修费用，养护费用【引申】同根
47、maintain vt.维持；保养【听力例句】Most of them are paid for what they do,whether it is doing maintenance or cooking and cleaning.他们大多数的劳动都会得到报酬，不管是维修，做饭还是打扫卫生。02.1 essential*/I9senS5l/a.必不可少的；本质的；基本的 n.常 pl.要素；必需品【联想】es(off)sent(送)ial(的)必需品是要送出给急需的人【搭配】an essential ingredient 必不可少的成分【提示】It is essential that.句型
48、中，从句用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should+)动词原形构成。【活用例句】Light gets through,and this is essential for plants to make the food we eat.太阳光穿过大气层，这对于植物生长我们赖以生存的食物来说是非常重要的。deficiency /dI9fIS5nsI/n.缺乏，不足；缺点，缺陷【词根】来自 deficient(缺乏的；有缺点的)【搭配】a deficiency of Vitamin B 缺乏维生素 B【引申】同义defect n.缺点，缺陷，毛病 vi.变节，叛变【活用例句】The experiment is
49、 the first to ask teachers to report on the effects of sleep deficiency in children.这项研究第一次让教师报告了睡眠不足对学生的影响。06.12 imbalance /Im9bl5ns/n.不平衡，不均衡【引申】反义balance n.平衡，均衡【活用例句】The current trade deficit indicates a serious imbalance between our import and export trade.当前的贸易赤字表明我们的进出口贸易严重失调。substitute*/9s(f
50、6)bstItju:t/n.代用品，代替者 vt.代替，代以#09 vi.(for)代替，替代【词根】sub(=under)stitute(stand 站)站在下面等着代替【搭配】substitute A for B 用 A 代替 B【引申】同根substitution n.代替，代入法，置换substitutable a.可代替的，可替换的，可取代的substitutive a.代用的【活用例句】We substituted a red ball for blue to see if the baby would notice.我们用红皮球换下了蓝皮球，看这婴儿会不会发觉。mixture*/