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1、 学英语 找长喜 1 英语四级语法 第十三堂 省略结构 学会识别各种省略结构，能够理解长难句的完整句意。一、难句分析翻译 1.However,I do think that an element of stress is a good thing,and if used the right way,can actually be a positive thing.(09.12 听力)2.The executives acknowledge that they try to swing national eating habits to a food created in America,but
2、 they deny that amounts to economic imperialism.(05.12 阅读)3.At such times,winning may dominate ones intellect,and every action,no matter how gross,may be considered justifiable.(05.06 阅读)4.Signed languages offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language,and throw new light
3、on an old scientific controversy:whether language is something that we are born with,or whether it is a learned behavior.(04.06 阅读)Key 1【分析】多重复合句。在 that 引导的宾语从句中有一个 if 引导的条件状语从句，该从句中谓语动词含有系动词 be，主语又与主句主语相同，从句中主语和动词 be 被省略。【译文】但是，我认为有一点压力是一件好事，如果能正确运用压力，实际上能产生积极的作用。2.【分析】并列复合句。but 连接两个并列分句。acknowledg
4、e 和 deny 后是两个宾语从句，其中第二个从句省略了引导词 that。【译文】公司高层管理者承认，他们试图把各国的饮食习惯都转到一种美国创造出来的食物上；但是他们否认把这一行动等同于经济上的帝国主义。3.【分析】并列复合句。no matter how 引导的方式状语从句修饰第二个单句但是省略了主语和谓语 it is。【译文】在那时，获胜的念头占胜了理智，他的每一个行为，不管多么粗俗，也可能被认为是合情合理的。4.【分析】复合句。how 引导宾语从句。冒号后的内容是 or 连接的并列的 whether 引导的名词性从句，前一个从句中包含了一个 that 引导的定语从句修饰 something
5、。本句中有两个and 分别连接两个不同并列谓语，understands 前省略了相同的主语成分 brain。throw 前省略了相同的主语成分 signed languages。【译文】手语为探索大脑如何产生和理解语言提供了一种新的方法，并为一个长期存在的科学争端语言究竟是我们与生俱来的，还是一种后天习得的行为提出了新的解释。二、中文译成英文 1.This beeper works well,(但那个就不行).2.(不管演奏得多频繁),the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.3.The old gentleman was sp
6、eaking to that poor little girl kindly,(就像对他自己的亲孙女一样).4.I dont go swimming now (但我过去常去).5.You cant work alone in the lab (除非得到允许).6.(处于流感恢复阶段时),you should keep from getting wet or 学英语 找长喜 2 Key 1.but that one doesnt 2.No matter how frequently performed 3.as if to his own granddaughter 4.but I used t
7、o 5.unless you are allowed to 6.While recovering from influenza 一个句子中有时一个或更多的成分会被省略掉，这样的句子可以称为省略句。一、单句中省略 省略情况 例示 省略主语(You)Read it.读吧。省略谓语或谓语的一部分(Is)The machine still not working?这机器还是不能开？省略宾语 Which of them is the better choice?Well,its hard to say(it).他们谁是合适的人选？嗯，这很难说。主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)，只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成
8、分 What a pity(it is)that you cant go to the lecture.真的很遗憾你不能去听课。(表语)How many copies do you want?Three copies,please.你要几本？三本。(宾语)(Come)This way,please.请这边走。(状语)Got any ink？有墨水吗？(其他成分)省略不定式 He didnt come,though we had invited him to(come).我们曾邀请他过来，但他没来。省略冠词(A)Friend of mine gave it to me.我的一个朋友给我的。其他成
9、分(Of)Course thats only a beginning.当然这还只是一个开头。二、并列句中某些相同成分的省略 I study at college and my sister(studies)at high school.我读大学，我妹妹读高中。All uranium atoms do not have the same atomic weight.Some of them weigh 234 units,some(of them)(weigh)235 units,and some(of them)(weigh)238 units.所有的铀原子并非都有相同的原子量。其中有的重 2
10、34，有的重 235，而有的重 238。三、其他句型的省略 祈使句、惊叹句、部分第一人称的陈述句、部分问句和答句中省略最为常见。Open the door!开门!Why so?为什么这样?Anybody wishing to go?谁愿意去啊?Must be somebody waiting for you.一定是有人在等你。提示：本句为 there be 结构的省略用法。原句应为 Is there anybody wishing to go?四、so，not 或其他手段的省略 省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句义。此种情况一般也常看作替代。“Can Emily do this work?”“I
11、 think so.”/“I think not(I dont think so).”“埃米莉能做这件工作吗?”“我想她(不)行。”“Did you know anything about it?”“Not until you told me.”“这件事你以前知道吗?”“你告诉了我，才知道。”五、从句的省略 学英语 找长喜 3 有些省略结构省去了从句。You would do the same.你也会这样做的。(省去从句 if you were in my position)You have done better this time.这一次你做得好些了。（省去从句 than you did
12、before）一、不定式符号 to 后面的省略 动词不定式符号 to 常常放在某些实义动词之后这些动词包括：afford,hate,have,hope,intend,mean,need,plan,try,want,wish,would like/love 等，不定式符号 to 之后不定式结构的省略代表动词不定式，以避免重复。“Will you have lunch with me on the 24th?”“Id love to,but Im afraid I shall be doing my exam then.”“你能在 24 号和我一起吃午饭吗?”“非常想，但是恐怕那时我正在考试。”动
13、词不定式符号 to还常用在以下结构中be,have,need,ought,used,be able,be going等一些动词之后，表示这些词之后接带 to 的动词不定式，同样在与前文重复的时候可以省略 to之后的不定式结构。I asked Tom if he finished his homework and he said he was going to.我问汤姆是否写完了作业，他说已经快了。“Do the Smiths live next door to you?”“No,but they used to.”“史密斯家住在你家隔壁吗？”不，但是他们一家曾经在我家隔壁住过。提示：used
14、to 表示过去曾经经常干某事，而现在不这样了。to 后面为了避免重复，可以不再跟 do sth，如此句省略了 live next door to me。二、状语从句中的省略 在 when,while,if,as if,though(或 although),as，until,once,whether,unless,where 等连词连接的状语从句中，若谓语动词含有系动词 be，而主语又与主句的主语相同时，从句的主语和动词 be 通常省略。When(I am)in trouble I always turn to her for help.我困难时总是找她帮助。Errors,if(there ar
15、e)any,should be corrected.如果有什么错误，就应当改正。Wood gives much smoke while(wood is)burning.木头燃烧时，它放出很多烟。Henry looked about as if(he were)in search of something.亨利向四周环视，似乎在寻找什么。But particularly when(indices were)viewed against Americas turbulent past,todays social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriora
16、ting social environment.尤其如果将当下的社会指数放在美国动荡的历史环境中来看，会发现这些指数并未表明一个黑暗而恶化的社会环境。【补充拓展】若主句、从句的主语不一致，这种省略不发生。换句话说，作状语的分词短语，如果没带自己的主语，其逻辑主语通常是主句的主语。在分析这种省略结构句时，要注意主语的一致性。如下句就不能省略从句的主语 they。While they were golfing,a rabbit ran across the course and knocked the ball into the hole.在他们打高尔夫球时，一只兔子跑过球场，把球撞到洞里去了。真
17、题难句 I wondered what I would do if confronted with a real midair medical emergency without access to a hospital staff and the usual emergency equipment.(05.12 阅读) 学英语 找长喜 4【分析】复合句。主句为 I wondered。what 引导宾语从句，作 wondered 的宾语。if 引导条件状语从句，从句中省略 I were。【译文】我一直在琢磨，在半空中发生紧急事件，没有医务人员，没有急救装备，我该如何面对。三、所有格后面名词的省
18、略 名词所有格所修饰的中心词有时可以省略，以避免重复。A girls character is different from a boys.女孩和男孩的性格不同。名词所有格所修饰的中心词如果表示商店、房屋、建筑物等，常常省略。I saw the picture at a large photographers.在一家大照相馆我见到了那张照片。四、在限制性定语从句中省略关系代词 当从句中关系代词 whom，which，that 作宾语时，通常可省略。That is the naughty boy(whom/that)we talked about last week.那就是我们上周议论的淘气男孩
19、。五、特殊句型中 it is 的省略 当 遇 到“when(或 if，where，wherever，whenever，as soon as，as fast as，than等)+possible/necessary 等”时，可理解中间省略了 it is(或 was)。When(it is)necessary you can help us to do something.必要时你可以帮助我们做些事。Answer these questions，if(it is)possible without referring to the book.如果有可能，请不看书回答这些问题。六、特定词汇可以省略关系
20、词 在 direction(方向),way(方式),distance(距离),time(时间),times(倍数)等后面所接的定语从句中常省略 that,which,in which。The direction(in which)we move a body can be changed.我们移动物体的方向是可以改变的。The distance(which/that)light travels in one second is 300,000 kilometers.光每秒传播距离是 30 万千米。七、在作状语的独立分词结构中，分词可以省略 The meeting(being)over,the
21、delegates walked out of the hall.会议结束了，代表们走出了大厅。The work(having been)done,he left the office.工作完成后，他离开了办公室。八、asas 结构中的省略 这种省略通常有两种情况：从句中与主句中重复的词可省；在把两个时间、地点等相比较时，第一个 as 可省。He is now as diligent as(he was)when he was in middle school.他现在同在中学时一样勤奋。He is(as)optimistic now as before.他现在同从前一样乐观。一、难句分析翻译
22、1.In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses,those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they couldnt get the job done.(05.12 阅读)2.Once on the inside of the government they have both political parties busily
23、tearing up all the regulations that protect the rest of us from the greed of the 学英语 找长喜 5 3.Then,as we stepped off the ride,he shrugged and,in a distressingly calm voice,remarked that it was not as exciting as other rides hes been on.二、中文译成英文 1.(尽管它是为孩子们编写的),Alice In Wonderland(爱丽丝漫游奇境)appeals to m
24、any adult readers,too.2.“Will you be able to come to the meeting?”“(我恐怕不行).”3.Francis Preston Blair,Jr.,(尽管生于肯塔基),lived and practiced law in Missouri.4.(当她沿着这条路走时)yesterday morning,a small flower pot fell from the balcony of a house,and knocked her unconscious.5.(当与地球的大小相比时),the highest mountain doe
25、s not seem high at all.1.【分析】多重复合句。句子主干为 those were more likely to say than those。两个 who 都引导定语从句，都修饰 those，但两个 those 指代的内容并不一样。they were in good health 是 say 的宾语。more likely than 构成比较状语结构,意为“比更有可能”。than 引导比较状语从句，省略从句谓语。【译文】2001 年对 158 名护士进行的一项研究指出，那些工作量大却能应对挑战的护士比那些认为自己无法完成任务的护士更容易感到自己身体状况良好。2.【分析】复
26、合句。本句主干为 they have political parties。that 引导定语从句，修饰 regulations，that 在从句中作主语。on the inside 的主语是 they，所以省略 they are,其完整形式是 once they are on the inside。【译文】而一旦进入政府，他们就让两党赶快撕毁所有保护我们这些人免受富人贪婪压榨的规章制度。3.【分析】多重复合句。主句为 he shrugged and remarked that it was not as exciting as other rides hes been on。第一个 as 引导
27、时间状语从句，意为“当时候”，in a distressingly calm voice是插入的状语。that 引导宾语从句，作 remarked 的宾语。not as as 意为“不如，不及”，引导比较状语从句，省略从句谓语 were。hes been on 是一个省略 that 的定语从句，修饰 rides。【译文】然后，当我们从过山车上下来的时候，儿子耸耸肩，用平静但有点不爽的口气说，这并不比他以前坐过山车更刺激。1.Though written for children 【分析】该题考点为 Though 引导的从句中，谓语中含有系词 be，而主语又与主句主语一致，则主语和 be 可以省
28、略。完整句子为 Thought it(Alice In Wonderland)is written for children。2.Im afraid not 【分析】简单句。该题考查句子的省略。所填句子的完整形式应为 Im afraid I will not be able to come to the meeting，为了避免与前面动词的重复，Im afraid 后面的成分可以省略，而只用 not 表示否定。3.although born in Kentucky 【分析】该题考点为复合句中的省略。观察句子结构，该句中 although 引导的从句主语与主句主语一致，且谓语动词为 be，所以可
29、以省略 he was。4.When she was walking along the road 【分析】该题考点为主从复合句中的省略问题。英语中复合句的省略一定要注意可以省略的条件，观察句子结构，该句中 when 引导的从句主语应为“她”，而主句主语为“花盆”，所以不用省略结构。5.When compared with the size of the whole earth 【分析】该题考点为在 when 引导的从句中，若谓语中含有系词 be，而主语又与主句的主语相同时，从句的主语和动词 be 通常省略。前半句的完整形式为 when it(the highest mountain) 学英语 找长喜 6 is compared with the size of the whole earth。