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1、 1 2016 研究生入学统一考试试题(英语二)Section 1 Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Happy people work differently.Theyre more productive,more creative,and willing to take greater risks.And new research su
2、ggests that happiness might influence_1_firms work,too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more,according to a recent research paper._2_,firms in happy places spend more on R&D(research and development).Thats because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking_3_for ma
3、king investments for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the_4_and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would_5_the way companies invested.So they compared U.S.cities average happiness_6_by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas._
4、7_enough,firms investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were_8_.But is it really happiness thats linked to investment,or could something else about happier cities_9_why firms there spend more on R&D?To find out,the researchers controlled for various_1
5、0_that might make firms more likely to invest like size,industry,and sales and for indicators that a place was_11_to live in,like growth in wages or population.The link between happiness and investment generally_12_even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investme
6、nt was particularly strong for younger firms,which the authors_13_to“less codified decision making process”and the possible presence of“younger and less_14_managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.”The relationship was_15_stronger in places where happiness was spread more_16_.Firms
7、 seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy,rather than in places with happiness inequality._17_ this doesnt prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view,the authors believe it at least_18_at that possibility.Its not hard to imagine that lo
8、cal culture and sentiment would help_19_how executives think about the future.“It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and_20_R&D more than the average,”said one researcher.1.A why B where C how D when 2.A In return B In particular C In contrast D In c
9、onclusion 3.A sufficient B famous C perfect D necessary 4.A individualism B modernism C optimism D realism 5.A echo B miss C spoil D change 6.A imagined B measured C invented D assumed 7.A Sure B Odd C Unfortunate D Often 8.A advertised B divided C overtaxed D headquartered 9.A explain B overstate C
10、 summarize D emphasize 10.A stages B factors C levels D methods 11.A desirable B sociable C reputable D reliable 12.A resumed B held Cemerged D broke 13.A attribute B assign C transfer Dcompare 14.A serious B civilized C ambitious Dexperienced 15.A thus B instead C also D never 16.A rapidly B regula
11、rly C directly D equally 17.A After B Until C While D Since 18.A arrives B jumps C hints D strikes 19.A shape B rediscover C simplify D share 2 20.A pray for B lean towards C give away D send out Section Reading Comprehension Part A Directions：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after
12、 each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1 Its true that high-school coding classes arent essential for learning computer science in college.Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses,said Tom Cortina,the assistant dean at C
13、arnegie Mellons School of Computer Science.However,Cortina said,early exposure is beneficial.When younger kids learn computer science,they learn that its not just a confusing,endless string of letters and numbers but a tool to build apps,or create artwork,or test hypotheses.Its not as hard for them
14、to transform their thought processes as it is for older students.Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal.Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap,Cortina said.Students a
15、lso benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college,where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim,which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.The Flatiron School,where people pay to learn programming,started as one of the many coding
16、bootcamps thats become popular for adults looking for a career change.The high-schoolers get the same curriculum,but“we try to gear lessons toward things theyre interested in,”said Victoria Friedman,an instructor.For instance,one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your
17、mood.The students in the Flatiron class probably wont drop out of high school and build the next Facebook.Programming languages have a quick turnover,so the“Ruby on Rails”language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market.But the skills they learn how to think logic
18、ally through a problem and organize the results apply to any coding language,said Deborah Seehorn,an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.Indeed,the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all.But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes.These kids ar
19、e going to be surrounded by computers in their pockets,in their offices,in their homes for the rest of their lives.The younger they learn how computers think,how to coax the machine into producing what they want the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that the better.21.Cortina holds t
20、hat early exposure to computer science makes it easier to_.A.complete future job training B.remodel the way of thinking C.formulate logical hypotheses D.perfect artwork production 22.In delivering lessons for high-schoolers,Flatiron has considered their_.A.experience B.interest C.career prospects D.
21、academic backgrounds 23.Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will_.A.help students learn other computer languages B.have to be upgraded when new technologies come C.need improving when students look for jobs D.enable students to make big quick money 24.According to the last p
22、aragraph,Flatiron students are expected to_.A.bring forth innovative computer technologies B.stay longer in the information technology industry C.become better prepared for the digitalized world D.compete with a future army of programmers 3 25.The word“coax”(Line3,Para.6)is closest in meaning to_.A.
23、persuade B.frighten C.misguide D.challenge Text 2 Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens-a kind of bird living on stretching grasslandsonce lent red to the often gray landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States.But just some 22,000 birds remain today,occ
24、upying about 16%of the species historic range.The crash was a major reason the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service(USFWS)decided to formally list the bird as threatened.“The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,”said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe.Some environmentalists,however,were disappointed
25、.They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as“endangered,”a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats.But Ashe and others argued that the“threatened”tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new,potentially less confrontational conserva
26、tions approaches.In particular,they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments,which are often uneasy with federal action and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95%of the prairie chickens habitat.Under the plan,for example,the agency said it would not p
27、rosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill,harm,or disturb the bird,as long as they had signed a rangewide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat.Negotiated by USFWS and the states,the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operation
28、s to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat.The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat,USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years.And
29、it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies(WAFWA),a coalition of state agencies,the job of monitoring progress.Overall,the idea is to let“states”remain in the drivers seat for managing the species，”Ashe said.Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric Some Congress members are trying
30、to block the plan,and at least a dozen industry groups,four states,and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court Not surprisingly,doesnt go far enough“The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,”
31、says biologist Jay Lininger.26.The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is_ Aits drastically decreased population Bthe underestimate of the grassland acreage Ca desperate appeal from some biologists Dthe insistence of private landowners 27.The“threatened”tag disappointed some en
32、vironmentalists in that it_ Awas a give-in to governmental pressure Bwould involve fewer agencies in action Cgranted less federal regulatory power Dwent against conservation policies 28.It can be learned from Paragraph3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_ Aagree to pay a su
33、m for compensation Bvolunteer to set up an equally big habitat Coffer to support the WAFWA monitoring job Dpromise to raise funds for USFWS operations 29.According to Ashe，the leading role in managing the species in_ Athe federal government Bthe wildlife agencies Cthe landowners Dthe states 30.Jay L
34、ininger would most likely support_ Aindustry groups Bthe win-win rhetoric Cenvironmental groups Dthe plan under challenge Text 3 That everyones too busy these days is a clich.But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully：Theres never any time to read.What makes the problem thornier is tha
35、t the usual time-management techniques dont seem sufficient.The webs 4 full of articles offering tips on making time to read:“Give up TV”or“Carry a book with you at all times”But in my experience,using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesnt work.Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-r
36、elated thoughts keeps spinning or else youre so exhausted that a challenging books the last thing you need.The modern mind,Tim Parks,a novelist and critic,writes,“is overwhelmingly inclined toward communicationIt is not simply that one is interrupted;it is that one is actually inclined to interrupti
37、on”.Deep reading requires not just time,but a special kind of time which cant be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.In fact,“becoming more efficient”is part of the problem.Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally,judging any given moment as well spe
38、nt only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal immersive reading,by contrast,depends on being willing to risk inefficiency,goallessness,even time-wasting.Try to slot it as a to-do list item and youll manage only goal-focused readinguseful,sometimes,but not the most fulfilling kind.“The f
39、uture comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,”writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time,and“we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles(days,hours,minutes)as they pass,for if they get by without being filled,we will have wasted them”.No mi
40、nd-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.So what does work?Perhaps surprisingly,scheduling regular times for reading.Youd think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set,but in fact,Eberle notes,such ritualistic behaviour helps us“step outside times flow”into“soul time”.You could limit dist
41、ractions by reading only physical books,or on single-purpose e-readers.“Carry a book with you at all times”can actually work,tooproviding you dip in often enough,so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business,before dropping back down.On a reall
42、y good day,it no longer feels as if youre“making time to read,”but just reading,and making time for everything else.31.The usual time-management techniques dont work because A what they can offer does not ease the modern mind B what challenging books demand is repetitive reading C what people often
43、forget is carrying a book with them D what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed 32.The“empty bottles”metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to A update their to-do lists B make passing time fulfilling C carry their plans through D pursue carefree reading 33.Eberle would agree that sc
44、heduling regular times for reading helps A encourage the efficiency mind-set B develop online reading habits C promote ritualistic reading D achieve immersive reading 34.“Carry a book with you at all times”can work if A reading becomes your primary business of the day B all the daily business has be
45、en promptly dealt with C you are able to drop back to business after reading D time can be evenly split for reading and business 35.The best title for this text could be A How to Enjoy Easy Reading B How to Find Time to Read C How to Set Reading Goals D How to Read Extensively Text 4 Against a backd
46、rop of drastic changes in economy and population structure,younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success,a latest poll has found.Across generational lines,Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life,including getting married,having
47、children,owning a home,and retiring in their sixties.But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life,they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.5 Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioriti
48、ze personal fulfillment in their work,to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs,to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life,to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children,and to maintain that
49、children are best served by two parents working outside the home,the survey found.From career to community and family,these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession,those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread th
50、rough virtually all aspects of American life,from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.Young and old converge on one key point:Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations.While