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1、第三单元 增减法Amplification means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.As a matter of principle,a translator is supposed to supply necessary words to make his or her version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with the idiomatic use of the
2、 language to be translated into.It is for the purpose of“faithful representation”of the thought of the author that we often resort to“amplification”.This is because English and Chinese are two entirely different languages and each has its own historical and cultural background.Therefore,many ideas,i
3、diomatic expressions and phrases,etc.that are well understood in the country of their origin can hardly make sense to the original patterns without alteration and consequently amplification is adopted in dealing with such occasions.增词法就是在翻译时按照意义、修辞或句法意义、修辞或句法上的需要，在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、单词、词组、分句或完整词组、分句或完整Sy
4、ntactical Amplification Lexical Amplification Cultural/Rhetoric Amplification 1.Syntactical Amplification（1 1）classifierclassifierIt was a nova!It was a nova!这是一这是一颗颗颗颗新星！新星！他的脑袋肿得有两倍大。他的脑袋肿得有两倍大。His head swelled up to twice the size of a normal His head swelled up to twice the size of a normal head
5、.head.The sun rose thinly from the sea.The sun rose thinly from the sea.一一轮轮轮轮红日从海边淡淡升起。红日从海边淡淡升起。A stream was winding its ways through the A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river.valley into the river.一一弯弯弯弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇到江里去了。溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇到江里去了。(2)convey the concept of plurality 条
6、条大路通罗马。All roads lead to Rome.The lion is the king of animals.狮子是百兽之王。The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山已在山谷里开始投下蔚蓝色的长影。I saw bubbles rising from under the water.我看见一个个水泡从水下升起。(3)Amplification by supplying words of generalizationAmplification by supplying words o
7、f generalization Like most wildlifeLike most wildlife，deer reproducedeer reproduce，growgrow，and store fat and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available.food available.与大多数野生动物一样，鹿在营养丰富、食物充足的夏秋两与大多数野生动物
8、一样，鹿在营养丰富、食物充足的夏秋两季，繁殖、生长、储存脂肪。季，繁殖、生长、储存脂肪。Then a little over a decade ago,Professors Hoyle,Then a little over a decade ago,Professors Hoyle,BondiBondi,and Gold,working at Cambridge,proposed an entirely and Gold,working at Cambridge,proposed an entirely different scheme.different scheme.然而十多年前，剑桥大学
9、的霍伊尔、邦迪和哥尔德三位教授然而十多年前，剑桥大学的霍伊尔、邦迪和哥尔德三位教授却提出了完全不同的学说。却提出了完全不同的学说。The thesis summed up the new achievements made in The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers,artificial satellites and rockets.electronic computers,artificial satellites and rockets.论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就
10、。论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。(4)Amplifying words in the TL text that can indicate the verb tenses in the SL text They are leading a happy life.他们现在过着幸福他们现在过着幸福的生活。的生活。He was the late presidents alter ego and he is a close and influential friend of the president to be in office.他过去是已故总统的化身，而现在是即他过去是已故总
11、统的化身，而现在是即将就职的总统亲密而有影响的朋友。将就职的总统亲密而有影响的朋友。(5)增加语气词增加语气词Dont take it seriously.Its only a joke.不要认真嘛！这不过是开个玩笑而已。Is more growth really better?经济发展得越快越好吗吗？As I snooze she talks of anything,everything,all the things that women talk of:books,music,dress,men,other women.我这边打着盹，她那里说着女人爱说的一切，什么什么 书籍啦啦、音乐啦啦、
12、服装啦啦、男人啦啦、别的女人啦啦，五花八门，包罗万象五花八门，包罗万象。(6)增补表示逻辑关系的词语增补表示逻辑关系的词语Heated，water will change into vapor水如受热，就会汽化。The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature.即使是最强有力的人也不能改变自然法则。Without a sense of your fault,how can repentance and amendment be expected？如果对自己的错误都不认识，怎么能悔恨和改正呢？(7)(7)增补语法省略成分增补语法省略成分增补语法省略
13、成分增补语法省略成分 Matter can be changed into energy,and energy into matter.物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化可以转化为物质。Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness,affection weakness,thrift avarice.勇敢过度即成蛮勇，感情过度即成溺爱，节俭过度即成贪婪。She ate little.Food sickened her,and I think much of life too.她吃得很少；她厌恶食物，我觉得她也厌恶生活。The best conductor has t
14、he least resistance and the poorest the greatest 最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。2.Lexical amplification(1)(1)抽象名词具体化抽象名词具体化Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。After all preparations were made,the planes were flown across the U.S.to San Francisco.一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去旧金山。Recourse to arms is not th
15、e best solution to a quarrel between countries.国与国之间的争端诉诸武力，并不是最好的解决方法。evaporation 蒸发作用 fault-finding 吹毛求疵的作法 loftiness 崇高气质necessity 必要性assimilation 同化作用 Indifference冷漠态度readability 可读性 Relativity相对论 Arrogance傲慢态度lightheartedness 轻松愉快的心境(2)(2)语境增词语境增词(Contextual Amplification)A professor of mine on
16、ce said:教过我的一位教授曾说过：And Homer!Is not he likewise human?Even Homer may sometimes nod.荷马！他不也是”活生生”的人吗？即使荷马也有打盹的时候。The sports meet is scheduled for April 16.运动会定于四月十六日举行。This printer is indeed cheap and fine这部打印机真是物美价廉。Tom Canty,born in rags and dirt and misery,what sight is this!(Mark Twain:The Prince
17、 and the Pauper)译1：啊，汤姆康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中，现在这番景象却是多么显赫啊！译2：汤姆康第原来(who was born)生在可怜巴巴的人家(in misery)，穿得破破烂烂(in rags)，一身邋里邋遢(in dirt)，现在(what sight is this)换了这身装束，啊，是何等气派！3.Cultural Amplification ,this hopeful person soared into so pleasing a Cupid.译文：这个很有希望的年轻人就扮成极其讨人喜欢的插着双翅的爱神丘比特。that the female Boundby
18、,instead of being the Gorgon he had expected,was young and remarkably pretty.译文：那位叫庞得贝的女人，并不是他所想象的那样，是一个看谁一眼就会把谁变成石头的女妖高根，而是一个年轻的绝妙美人儿。例例2 2：The blond boy quickly crossed himself.译文：那个金发小男孩立刻在胸前划十字，祈求上帝保佑 On a gold-colored sofa there are two embroidered cushions.One bears the message:“Eat,sleep and
19、remarry,”the other the kitsch observation:“Before you meet your real prince you have to kiss a lot of frogs.”金色沙发上摆放着两个刺绣坐垫，一个上面写着：“吃呀、睡呀、再结婚呀，”另一个是那句老话：“在遇到真正的王子之前，你必须亲吻无数的青蛙。”Omission in EnglishChinese Translation Generally speaking，omission in English-Chinese translation is used to achieve the ef
20、fect of succinctness，especially in dealing with excessive use of English pronouns and such functional words as the article,the preposition,the conjunction.1.Omission of the Pronoun He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了耸肩。My enemys enemy is my friend.My enemys
21、 enemy is my friend.敌人的敌人是朋友。敌人的敌人是朋友。For two weeks，he had been studying the house，looking at its rooms，its electric wiring，its path and its garden 两周以来，他一直注意观察房子的情况，查看各个房间，留心电线的走向、通道和花园的布局。2.Omission of the ArticleThe moon was slowly rising above the sea月亮慢慢从海上升起。Any substance is made up Of atoms w
22、hether it is a solid，a liquid，Or a gas.任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都由原子组成。3.Omission of the Preposition Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不许吸烟。The difference between the two machines consists in power.这两台机器差别在于功率不同。4.Omission of the ConjunctionHe looked gloomy and troubled.他看上去有些忧愁不安。If I had known it
23、,I would not have joined in it早知如此，我就不参加了.5.Omission of the Impersonal Pronoun“it”lt was not until the middle of the 19th century that the blast furnace came into use.直到19世纪中叶，高炉才开始使用。Practice:gayety 欢乐气氛气氛 jealousy嫉妒心理心理 transition 演变过程过程 preparation 准备工作工作 tension 紧张局势局势 backwardness 落后状态状态 oxidation 氧化作用作用 correctness 正确性性 hostility 敌对情绪情绪 complexity 复杂局面局面 madness 疯狂行行为为 remedy 补救方法方法 1)The root of education is bitter,but the fruit is sweet.教育的根是苦的,而其果实是甜的。求知道路千辛万苦,知识硕果芬芳香甜。求知历尽千辛万苦,而后才能收获芳香甜蜜的硕果。Time drops in decay,like a candle burnt out.时间一点一滴地逝去,犹如蜡烛慢慢慢慢燃尽。