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1、Language Features of Language Features of English ContractsEnglish Contracts1General introduction of contractA contract is an agreement,which legally binds the parties concerned.在 由 Steven H.Gifts编 著 的“Law Dictionary”中，contract被定义为“a promise,or a set of promises,for breach of which the law gives rem
2、edy,or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，在某种意义上，法律将履行该承诺看作是一种补偿。综上可见，合同是平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的法律协议。2Classification of contracts正式合同 Contract(P197)协议书 Agreement确议书 Confirmation备忘录 Memorandum订单 Order意向书 Letter of intent3Formation of contract一.约首(th
3、e head)1.合同名称 Title2.前文（前言）Preamble 1)Date of signing 2)Signing parties 3)Each partys authority 当事人的合法依据 4）Place of signing 5)Recitals or WHEREAS clause 定约缘由4二.本文（Body)定义条款（Definition clause)基本条款（Basic conditions)一般条款（General terms and conditions)a.合同有效期限（Duration)b.终止(Termination)c.不可抗力（Force Majeu
4、re)d.合同的让与（Assignment)e.仲裁（Arbitration)f.适用法律（governing law)g.诉讼管辖（Jurisdiction)h.通知手续（Notice)i.合同的修改（Amendment)j.其他（Others)5三.约尾（the tail)结尾语包括合同的份数、使用的文字和效力等（Concluding sentence)签名（Signature)盖印（Seal)6Features of English Contracts7 Accuracy 精确精确 Say what you mean.Clarity 明晰明晰 Clarity is promoted by
5、 using the active voice,keeping subject close to verb and verb close to direct object,making the elements of a sentence parallel in structure,being careful in word choice and usage,and punctuating correctly.8 Concision 简短简短 Saying all that needs to be said with fewest number of words.Simplicity 简洁简洁
6、 Put the necessary words together in a straight-forward,unconvoluted,simple manner.Tone 专业专业 Legal documents are about serious matters.Professional is perhaps the word that best describes the tone of good legal writing.9Language features1.Use many formal words and professional words 多使用正式或法律上的用词1）At
7、 the request of Party B,Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术员帮助乙方安装设备(help)2）Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Beijing.甲方应将病人遣返中国，负责病人回到北京的旅费。（send back)10Language features3)The term“Effective dat
8、e”means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto(至此,正式).“生效日”的意思是指本协议经订约双方签字的日子。（signed）11Compare the following two kinds of words and expressionsTerminate stop Commence beginbe deemed to be regarded as in lieu of in place of prior to before Whatsoever whatever12More f
9、ormal words in the contract:in accordance with otherwiseprovided thatbe deemed to In accordance with the date of shipment 13Indemnity n.a promise to protect someone from money lost or goods damaged;赔偿的保证repayment for this；赔偿金An insurance contract that promises to pay for the replacement or repair of
10、 lost of damaged goods赔偿物e.g.to arrange an against loss 办理损失赔偿 to demand an for the delayed payment 因延期付款要求赔偿14Money demanded by a victorious nation at the end of a war as a condition of peace is an.战争结束时，战胜国作为和平条件索取之款项称为“赔款”。15Infringement:violation n.违反；违背；侵犯；侵害copyright infringement版权侵犯版权侵犯patent
11、 infringement专利侵权专利侵权trade-mark infringement侵犯商标权侵犯商标权,商标冒用商标冒用infringement of contract违反合同违反合同infringement of freedom侵犯自由侵犯自由16Force majeure:an unexpected and unavoidable event that causes or allows a contract to be changed or cancelled if it has a force majeure clause.e.g.As a result of force maje
12、ure the transaction was not completed.基于不可抗力的因素，交易未能完成。17Arbitration:the settling of a dispute by means of a neutral third party rather than by a court of law.仲裁（通过中立的第三方不通过法庭解决纠纷）e.g.They decided to settle the dispute by.他们决定通过仲裁解决争议。182.The language should be accurate and clear and 用语力求准确、明白 Party
13、 A shall send technicians at Party Bs expense to train Party Bs personnel within 30 days after signing the Contract.甲方应于签约后三十天内派遣技术员培训乙方的人员，有关费用由乙方承担。This Contract can only be altered,amended or supplemented in accordance with documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties
14、.本合同的修改补充应按双方授权代表签名盖章的文件，才能进行。19Language features3.Use old English多用古英语To make the compound words by adding after,by,in,of,on,to,under,upon,or with after here,there,or whereHereafter:in this document and after this point 此后,以后Hereby:in this way or by this letter以此,特此,由此Thereby:by that 按此,借此,从而,由此The
15、refrom:from that从那里20Whereas Party A is willing to employ Party B and Party B agrees to do as Party As engineer in Beijing,it is hereby agrees as follows.鉴于甲方愿聘请乙方,乙方同意应聘为甲方在北京的工程师,双方协议如下:In consideration of the mutual covenants and agreement herein contained,the parties agree as follows.双方考虑到在此提出的契
16、约和协议,同意如下条款.21Language features4.Use the synonymous word with its relevant words多用成双成对的同义词Terms and conditions 条件 null and void 无效 able and willing 能够并愿意any duties,obligations or liabilities所有责任applicable laws,regulations,decrees,directives,and rules 适用法律法规22any and all 全部charges,fees,costs and expe
17、nses 各种费用covenants and agreements 合同，协议customs and usages 惯例import duty and tax 进口税捐keep secret and confidential保密licenses and permits 许可packing and wrapping expenses 包装费rights and interests 权益settle claims and debts 清理债务ships and vessels 船只sign and issue 签发 support and maintenance 维护 use and wont 习
18、惯，惯例231）This Agreement made and entered into by and between ABC Co.and XYZ Co.ABC 公司和XYZ公司双方签订本协议。2）All documents,letters,telegrams and telexes interchanged between both parties before the signing of the Contract shall become null and void automatically from the date on which the Contract comes into
19、 force.双方在签约前交换的所有文件、书信、电报和电传，应从本合同生效之日开始自动失效。245、注意may、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等词语的法律内涵May、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等词的确很常见，但是在合同中这些词具有特殊的意义，所以翻译起来要极其谨慎，避免引起纠纷。a.May：在表示合同上的权利（Right）、权限（Power）或特权（Privilege）的场合中使用。若表示某种权利在法律上具有强制性的时候，更多的是“be entitled”。b.Shall：在合同中并不是单纯的将来时，一般用它来
20、表示法律上可以强制执行的义务（Obligation）。如未履行，即视为违约，并构成某种赔偿责任。所以，shall在译文里，通常表示“应该”或“必须”，当然，也有不翻译的时候。例如：25The parties hereto shall,first of all,settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.Should such negotiations fail,such dispute may be referred to the Peoples Cour
21、t having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协议的，可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。26The quality and prices of the commo
22、dities to be exchanged between the ex-importers in the two countries shall be acceptable to both sides.货物的质量和价格必须使进出口双方都能接受。The formation of this contract,its validity,interpretation,execution and settlement of the disputes shall be governed by related laws of the Peoples Republic of China.本合同的订立、效力
23、、解释、履行和争议的解决均受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。shall没有译出。27c.Should：在在合合同同中中通通常常只只用用来来表表示示语语气气较较弱弱的的假假设设，多多翻翻译译成成“万万一一”或或“如如果果”，极极少少译译成成“应该应该”。The board meeting shall be convened and presided over by the Chairman.Should the chairman be absent,the vice-Chairman shall,in principle,convene and preside over the board meeti
24、ng.董事会会议应由董事长召集、主持；若董事长缺席，原则上应由副董事长召集、主持。28d.Will：一一般般使使用用在在没没有有法法律律强强制制的的情情况况下下，也也用用做做表表示示承承担担义义务务的的声声明明，但但语气和强制力比语气和强制力比Shall弱。弱。e.May not（或或shall not）：用用于于禁禁止止性性义务，即义务，即“不得做什么不得做什么”。29Sentence features Use a lot of complete and long sentences with attribute and adverbial modifier to form the simp
25、le sentences and compound sentences30The stylish featuresCorrect and preciseHereinafter called以下称为 Unless otherwise stipulated in除非在中另有规定This shall prevail over则以为准31 Compared with basic English,as a highly professional language,English contract language is different from daily language.Here are the
26、 remarkable characteristics.First,sentences are long and complex,in which a period can not be found.Terms used in contracts are remote,obscure and difficult to read,hence they are not easy to understand.32Second,Latin and law terms can be used in the English contract.Last,English contract belongs to the category of professional English,so it will inevitably involve the understanding of legal aspects.3334