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1、关于色谱柱和色谱系统故障2023/4/41第1页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/42HPLC Components HPLC 的组成l Pump 泵l Injector/Autosampler 进样器/自动进样器l Column 色谱柱l Detector 检测器l Data System/Integrator 数据系统/积分仪表lAll of these components can have problems and require troubleshooting.l所有这些部件可能出现故障而需要检修。第2页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/43Categories of
2、 Column Problems 色谱柱问题的类型l l A.Pressure 压力l B.Peak shape 峰形l C.Retention 保留时间第3页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/44Pressure Issues压力问题 lColumn Observations Potential Problemsl色谱柱观测 潜在的问题 lHigh pressure Plugged frit l压力高 堵塞滤头l Column contaminationl 色谱柱污染l Piugged packingl 堵塞填料第4页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/45Determinin
3、g the Cause and Correcting High Back Pressure 查出原因 纠正压力lCheck pressure with/without column-many pressure problems are due to blockages in the system or guardl有无柱子时检查压力 许多压力问题是由于系统或保护柱的阻塞lIf Column Pressure is high 如果柱压高:lWash column-Eliminate column contamination andl 冲洗柱子 plugged packing 排除柱污染和填料堵塞
4、l -high molecular weight/adsorbedl compounds 高分子量被吸附化合物l -precipitate from sample or bufferl 样品或缓冲液中的沉淀物lBack flush column-Clear plugged frit 反冲柱子清洁阻塞的滤头lChange frit-Clear plugged frit 更换滤头第5页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/46Column Cleaning 柱子清洗lF lush with stronger solvents than your mobile phasel用比你的流动相更强的溶
5、剂冲洗l Reversed-Phase Solvent Choices in Order of l Increasing Strength 为了增加强度选择反相溶剂lUse at least 25 ml of each solvent for analytical columnsl 对于分析柱每种溶剂至少用25 ml 冲洗lMobile phase without buffer salts 没有缓冲盐的流动相l100%Methanol 甲醇l100%Acetonitrile 乙腈l75%Acetonitrile:25%Isopropanol 75乙腈：25异丙醇l100%Isopropanol
6、 异丙醇l100%Methylene Chloride 二氯甲烷l100%Hexane 已烷l When using either Hexane or Methylene Chloride the column must be flushed with lIsopropanol before returning to your resvered-phase mobile phase.l当用已烷蔌二氯甲烷柱子时,必须先用异丙醇冲洗,然后再用你的反相流动相第6页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/47Column Cleaning柱子清洗lNormal Phase Solvent Choic
7、es in Order of Increasing Strengthl为了增加强度选用正相溶剂lUse at least 50 ml of each solvent l 每种溶剂至少用50 ml l50%Methanol:50%Chloroform l 50%甲醇:50%氯仿l100%Ethyl Acetate 乙酸乙酯第7页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/48How to Change a Frit 怎样更换滤头lColumn Inlet Frit 柱进口滤头lColumn Body 柱身lCompression Ferrule 压缩金属套圈lWear gloves 戴手套lDo
8、not allow bed to dry 不要让底座干燥lDo not touch the column-body heat will extrude packing 不要使柱身受热,否则填料会喷出lDo not over tighten 不要旋得太紧lFemale End Fitting 旋好尾端螺母lMale End Fitting 旋好尾端螺头第8页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/49Preventing Back Pressure Problems压力问题的预防lUse column protection 柱保护l-Guard columns 保护柱/预柱l-In-line
9、filters 在线过滤器l Sample Preparation 样品预处理lAppropriate column flushing l 适当的柱冲洗lFilter buffered mobile phasel 过滤缓冲流动相第9页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/410Preventing Back Pressure Problems:In-Line Devices 压力问题的预防:在线装置lMobile Phase Pre-Column Injector Filter GuardlFrom Pump 预柱 进样器 滤头 Columnl从泵来的流动相 保护柱 l Analytica
10、ll ColumnlFilter and Guard Column Act on Sample 分析柱l 滤头和保护柱作用于样品l Pre-Column Acts on Mobile Phasel 预柱作用于流动相 To Detectorl 到检测器第10页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/411Preventing Back Pressure Problems:Sample Preparation压力问题的预防:样品制备lSolvent/Chemical Environment l 溶剂/化学环境lParticulate/Aggregate Remove l微粒/凝聚物的除去lFil
11、ter samples 过滤样品lCentrifugation 离心分离lSolid Phase Extraction(S.P.E.)固相萃取lCartridges or Plates 薄膜或薄层板lDisks or Membranes 圆盘或生物膜第11页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/412Peak Shape Issues 峰形问题l Split peaks 裂峰l Peak tailing 峰拖尾l Broad peaks 宽峰lPoor efficiency 低柱效lMany peak shape issues also combinations-I.e.Broad and
12、 tailing or tailing with increased retention许多峰形问题是结合在一起的-例如:l展宽和拖尾或拖尾和保留时间增加第12页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/413Split Peaks 裂峰lCan be caused by:l可能的原因:lColumn contamination 柱污染lPartially plugged frit 部分阻塞滤片lColumn void 柱头塌陷lInjection solvent effects 溶剂效应第13页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/414Split Peaks 裂峰Column Cont
13、amination 柱污染lColumn:StableBond SB-C8,4.6 250mm,5mlMobile Phase:60%25mM Na2HPO4,pH3.0:40%MeOHlFlow Rate:1.0 mL/min Temperature:35ClDetection:UV 254 nmlSample:Filtered OTC Cold Medication:l1.Pseudoephedrine 2.APAP 3.Unknown l4.ChlorpheniraminelInjection 1 峰3 峰形较好lInjection 30 峰3 裂峰lInjection 1 After
14、Column Wash with 100%CANl经100%乙腈冲洗后 峰3 峰形极好第14页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/415Split Peaks 裂峰Injection Solvent Effects 溶剂化效应lColumn:StableBond SB-C8,4.6 250mm,5mlMobile Phase:82%H2O:18%ACNlInjection Volume:30 L lSample:l1.Caffeine 咖啡因 2.Salicylamide 水杨酰胺lA.Injection Solvent B.Injection Solventl 100%Acetonit
15、rile Mobile Phasel 峰形宽拖尾 峰形尖锐对称l样品溶剂尽可能与流动相匹配 第15页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/416Determining the Cause of Split Peaks 裂峰原因的确定l1.Complex sample matrix or many samples analyzed-likely column contamination or partially plugged fritl复杂样品的基质或分析许多样品-柱污染或部分阻塞滤片 l2.Mobile phase pH=7-likely column void due to silic
16、a dissolution(unless specialty column used)l流动相 pH=7-由于硅胶溶解使柱塌陷(除非使用专门的柱子)l3.Injection solvent stronger than mobile phase-likely split and broad peaks,dependent on volumel溶剂比流动相的可能性大-裂峰和宽峰,由样品量来决定 第16页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/417Peak Tailing,Broadening and Loss of Efficiency峰拖尾、变宽和柱效降低lCan be caused by:
17、可能的原因l lColumn“secondary interactions”l柱“次级效应”lColumn void 柱塌陷lColumn contamination 柱污染lColumn aging 柱老化lColumn loading 柱负荷超载lExtra-column effects 柱外效应第17页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/418Peak Tailing Column“Secondary Interactions”峰拖尾柱“次级效应”lColumn:Alkyl-C8,4.6 150mm,5mlMobile Phase:85%25mM Na2HPO4,pH7.0:15%
18、ACNlFlow Rate:1.0 mL/min Temperature:35ClSample:1.Phenylpropanolamine 苯丙醇胺去甲麻黄碱 l2.Ephedrine 麻黄碱 3.Amphetamine 安非他明苯丙胺l4.Methamphetamine 脱氧麻黄碱 5.Phenteramine 苯三胺lNo TEA 无三乙胺 10 mM TEA 10 mM 三乙胺lUSP TF(5%)美国药典拖尾因子 USP TF(5%)美国药典拖尾因子l1.1.29 1.1.19l2.1.91 2.1.18 l3.1.63 3.1.20l4.2.35 4.1.26l5.1.57 5.1.
19、14lPeak tailing eliminated with mobile phase modifier(TEA)at pH 7l用流动相减尾剂(三乙胺)在pH 7 消除峰拖尾第18页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/419Peak Tailing Column“Secondary Interactions”峰拖尾柱“次级效应”lColumn:Alkyl-C8,4.6 150mm,5mlMobile Phase:85%25mM Na2HPO4,pH7.0:15%ACNlFlow Rate:1.0 mL/min Temperature:35ClSample:1.Phenylpropan
20、olamine 苯丙醇胺去甲麻黄碱 l2.Ephedrine 麻黄碱 3.Amphetamine 安非他明苯丙胺l4.Methamphetamine 脱氧麻黄碱 5.Phenteramine 苯三胺l pH 3.0 pH 7.0 lUSP TF(5%)美国药典拖尾因子 USP TF(5%)美国药典拖尾因子l 4.1.33 4.2.35lReducing the mobile phase pH reduces interactions with silanols that cause peak tailingl降低流动相的pH,减小与硅醇基作用引起的峰拖尾第19页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三20
21、23/4/420Peak Tailing 峰拖尾Column Contamination 柱污染lColumn:StableBond SB-C8,4.6 250mm,5mlMobile Phase:20%H2O:80%MeOH Flow Rate:1.0 mL/min Temperature:R.T.Detection:UV 254 nmlSample:1.Uracil 尿嘧啶 2.Phenol 苯酚 l 3.4-Chloronitrobenzene 4-氯硝基苯 4.Toluene 甲苯lPlates TF Plates TF Plates TFl理论板数 拖尾因子 理论板数 拖尾因子 理论
22、板数 拖尾因子l1.7629 2.08 1.7906 1.43 1.7448 1.06l2.12043 1.64 2.12443 1.21 2.12237 1.21l3.13727 1.69 3.17999 1.19 3.15366 1.11l4.13355 1.32 4.17098 1.25 4.19067 1.17lQC test forward direction QC test reverse direction QC test after cleaning l 100%IPA,35C l 向前方向 相反方向 100%异丙醇冲洗后第20页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/421
23、Peak Tailing/Broadening Sample Load Effects峰拖尾/变宽样品过载效应lColumn:4.6 150mm,5mlMobile Phase:40%25mM Na2HPO4,pH7.0:60%ACNlFlow Rate:1.5 mL/min Temperature:40ClSample:l1.Desipramine 去郁敏/脱甲基丙米嗪 2.Nortriptyline 3.Doxepin 4.Imipramine 丙米嗪 5.Amitriptyline 阿米替林 6.TrimipraminelTailing Eclipse XDB-C8 Broadening
24、/Competitive C8lUSP TF 拖尾因子 Plates 理论板数 lHigh Load /10 Low Load High Load /10 Low Loadl高载负/10倍 低载负 高载负/10倍 低载负l1.1.60 1.70 850 5941l2.2.00 1.90 815 7842l3.1.56 1.56 2776 6231 l4.2.13 1.70 2539 8359 l5.2.15 1.86 2735 10022 l6.1.25 1.25 5189 10725 第21页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/422Peak Broadening,Splitting
25、Column Void 峰变宽,裂开 柱塌陷lMobile Phase:流动相：l50%CAN:50%Water:0.2%TEA (pH 11)l50乙腈:50水:0。2三乙胺 (pH 11)l After 30 injections Initial 开始时 l 进样30次后lMultiple peak shape changes can be caused by the same column problem.In the case a void resulted from silica dissolved at high pH.l多数峰形改变可能是同一柱问题引起的。在这个例子中，高pH溶解
26、硅胶导致塌陷第22页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/423Broad Peaks Unknown“Phantom”PeakslColumn:Extend-C18,4.6 150 mm,5 mlMobile Phase:40%10 mM TEA,pH 11:60%MeOHlFlow Rate:1.0 mL/min Temperature:R.T.Detection:UV 254lSample:1.Maleat 顺丁烯二酸 2.Pseudeophedrine 伪麻黄碱 3.Chlorphenniramine 氯非尼拉明lPlates 理论板数l1.5922 l2.9879l3.779 “
27、Phantom”peak from first injection 前次进样未出完的峰lThe extremely low plates are an indication of an extremely late eluting peak from the preceding run.l极低的理论板数表明这是一个前面进样极迟洗脱出来的峰第23页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/424Peak Tailing峰拖尾 Injector Seal Failure进样器密封性差lColumn:Bonus-RP,4.6 75mm,3.5mlMobile Phase:30%H2O:70%MeOH
28、 Flow Rate:1.0 mL/min Temperature:R.T.Detection:UV 254 nmlSample:1.Uracil 尿嘧啶 2.Phenol 苯酚 l 3.N,N-Dimethylaniline N,N-二甲苯胺lPlates TF Plates TF l理论板数 拖尾因子 理论板数 拖尾因子 l1.2235 1.72 1.3670 1.45l2.3491 1.48 2.10457 1.09 l3.5432 1.15 3.10085 1.00 lBefore After replacing rotor seal and isolation seall之前 转动杆
29、和隔离密封垫检修后lOverdue instrument maintenance can cause peak shape problems.l仪器保养超期可能引起峰形问题/进样器划痕第24页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/425Peak Tailing 峰拖尾Extra-Column Volume 柱外死体积效应lColumn:StableBond SB-C18,4.6 30mm,3.5mlMobile Phase:85%H2Owith 0.1%TFA:15%CANlFlow Rate:1.0 mL/min Temperature:35C lSample:1.Phenylalani
30、ne 2.5-benzyl-3,6-dioxo-2-piperazine l 3.Asp-phe 4.Aspartamel10 l extra-column volume 50 l extra-column volume 第25页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/426Determining the Cause of Peak Tailing峰拖尾原因的确定lEvaluate mobile phase effects-alter mobile phase pH and additives to eliminate secondary interactions 评价流动相效果-改变流动相
31、pH和添加剂消除次级效应/流动相中组份与柱子相互作用lEvaluate column choice-try column with high purity silica or different bonding technology 评价柱选择-试用高纯度硅胶柱或不同键合技术柱lReduce sample load 减小进样量lEliminate extra-column effects 消除柱外效应lFlush column and check for aging/void 冲洗柱子检查柱子老化/塌陷第26页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/427Retention Issues保留
32、时间问题lRetention time changes(tr)保留时间改变lCapacity factor(retention)changes(k)容量因子改变lSelectivity changes()选择性改变 第27页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/428Changes in Retention Same Column,Over Time相同柱子上保留时间改变,超时lMay be cause by:可能的原因:lColumn aging 柱老化lColumn contamination 柱污染lInsufficient equilibration 不够平衡lPoor colum
33、n/mobile phase combination 柱/流动相组成差lChange in mobile phase 改变流动相lChange in flow rate 改变流速lother instrument issues 其他仪器问题 第28页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/429Mobile phase Change Causes Change in Retention流动相改变引起保留时间改变l60%MeOH:40%0.1%TFA Fresh TFA Added to Mobile PhaselVolatile TFA evaporated/degassed from mo
34、bile phase.易挥发的三氟乙酸从流动相中蒸发/挥发。lReplacing it solved problem.换用新的流动相就解决问题。l使用有机挥发性酸时，流动相应新配。第29页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/430Column Aging/Equilibration Causes Retention/Selectivity Changes柱老化平衡不够引起保留时间选择性改变lColumn 1-Initial 1 号柱 开始时lColumn 1-Next Day 1 号柱 第二天 lColumn 1-After Cleaning with 1%H3PO4 1 号柱用 1%H
35、3PO4 清洗 lThe primary analyte was sensitive to mobile phase aging of the column.最初的分析对流动相老化柱子是灵敏的lThe peak shape was a secondary issue resolved by flushing the column.冲洗柱子第二要解决的问题是峰形lRetention and peak shape were as expected after cleaning.清洗后保留时间和峰形都达到了预期效果第30页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/431Determining the
36、 Cause of Retention Changes on the same Column同一柱上保留时间改变原因的确定l1.Determine K,and tr for suspect peaks 对怀疑峰K,和tr的确定 l2.Wash column 冲洗柱子l3.Test new column-note lot number 试验新柱-记录一批数据l4.Review column equilibration procedures 观察柱平衡过程l5.Make up fresh mobile phase4 and test 配制新鲜流动相再试验l6.Check instrument pe
37、rformance 检查仪器性能第31页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/432Change in Retention/Selectivity Column-to Column柱与柱之间保留时间/选择性的改变lDifferent column histories(aging)不同的柱历史(老化)lInsufficient/inconsistent equilibrationl平衡不够/不一致lPoor column/mobile phase combination 柱/流动相差lChange in mobile phase流动相改变lChange in flow rate 流速改变lO
38、ther instrument issues其他仪器问题lSlight changes in column bed volume(tr only)柱内体积轻微改变第32页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/433Lot-to-Lot Selectivity Change(pH)批与批之间选择性改变(pH)lpH 4.5-Lot 1 pH 3.0-Lot 1lpH 4.5-Lot 2 pH 3.0-Lot 2lpH 4.5 shows selectivity change from lot-to-lot for basic compounds pH 4.5 显示批与批之间对碱性化合物的选择
39、性改变lpH 3.0 shows no selectivity change from lot-to-lot,indicating silanol sensitivity at pH 4.5 pH 3.0显示批与批之间对碱性化合物的无选择性改变,表明在pH 4.5硅醇基的灵敏性第33页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/434Conclusions 结论lHPLC column problem are evident as:高效液相色谱柱问题明显的为:lHigh pressure 高压lUndesirable peak shape 不希望得到的峰形lChanges in retention/selectivity 保留时间/选择性的改变 lOften these problems are not associated with the column and may be caused by instrument and experimental condition issues.l经常遇到的这些问题不一定与柱有关,而与仪器和实验条件方面的问题有关第34页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三2023/4/4感谢大家观看第35页，讲稿共35张，创作于星期三