《真核生物基因表达调控 (2)精选PPT.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《真核生物基因表达调控 (2)精选PPT.ppt(65页珍藏版)》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、关于真核生物基因表达调控(2)第1页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二本章主要内容本章主要内容1.1.基因表达与调控的基本概念与原理基因表达与调控的基本概念与原理2.2.转录水平的调控转录水平的调控(transcriptional regulation):uDNA level(Genetic)uChromatin level(Epigenetic)3.3.转录后水平的调控转录后水平的调控(post-transcriptional regulation):uRNA interference(RNAi)uProtein degradation(Ubiquitin/proteasome)第2页,讲稿共65
2、张,创作于星期二第第 一一 节节基本概念与原理基本概念与原理Basic Concepts and Principles第3页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二Genome(cells repertoire of DNA)Transcriptome(cells repertoire of RNA transcripts)Proteome(cells repertoire of proteins)单个基因单个基因单个细胞单个细胞中心法则中心法则第4页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二一、基因表达的概念一、基因表达的概念基因组基因组(genome)一个细胞或病毒所携带的全部遗传信息或整套基因。一个细胞或病毒所携
3、带的全部遗传信息或整套基因。基因表达基因表达(gene expression)基因经过转录、翻译,产生具有特异生物学功能的基因经过转录、翻译,产生具有特异生物学功能的蛋白质蛋白质分子或分子或RNA分子的过程。分子的过程。基因表达调控基因表达调控(gene regulation,or regulation of gene expression)基因表达是受内源及外源信号调控的。基因表达是受内源及外源信号调控的。第5页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二Regulation of Gene ExpressionChromatinepigenetic controlRNA silencingProteind
4、egradation一般而言的基因表达调控范畴一般而言的基因表达调控范畴第6页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二二、基因表达的时间性及空间性二、基因表达的时间性及空间性(一)时间特异性(一)时间特异性按功能需要,某一特定基因的表达严格按按功能需要,某一特定基因的表达严格按特定的时间顺序发生,称之为基因表达的特定的时间顺序发生,称之为基因表达的时间时间特异性特异性(temporal specificity)。多细胞生物基因表达的时间特异性又称多细胞生物基因表达的时间特异性又称阶阶段特异性段特异性(stage specificity)。第7页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二人体发育过程中不同类型人体发育过程
5、中不同类型-珠蛋白的含量变化珠蛋白的含量变化 第8页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二(二)空间特异性(二)空间特异性基基因因表表达达伴伴随随时时间间顺顺序序所所表表现现出出的的这这种种分分布布差差异异,实实际际上上是是由由细细胞胞在在器器官官的的分分布布决决定定的的,所所以以空空间间特特异异性性又称又称细胞或组织特异性细胞或组织特异性(cell or tissue specificity)。在在个个体体生生长长全全过过程程,某某种种基基因因产产物物在在个个体体按按不不同同组组织织空空间间顺顺序序出出现现,称称之之为为基基因因表表达达的的空空间间特特异异性性(spatial specificity)
6、。第9页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二BARD1 is expressed specifically in the apical domains of Arabidopsis inflorescence(A),ovules(B),anthers(C),and embryos(D).In suit hybridizationA,B,C,D:antisense BARD1 probe;E:sense BARD1 probe as a negative control.(朱玉贤第五章课件)(朱玉贤第五章课件)第10页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二四种母源影响基因的四种母源影响基因的mRNA和蛋白沿果蝇胚
7、和蛋白沿果蝇胚胎前胎前-后轴分布的浓度变后轴分布的浓度变化图化图 proteinBICOIDNANOS第十章(基因和发育)第十章(基因和发育)mRNA第11页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二Facts Identical genome:Virtually every cell in an organism contains a complete set of genes Spatial specificity:But they are not all turned on in every cell or tissueTemporal specificity:Each cell of an orga
8、nism expresses a distinctive subset of genes at different time or developmental stageTight regulation:During development different cells express different sets of genes in a precisely regulated fashion第12页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二三、基因表达的方式三、基因表达的方式按对刺激的反应性,基因表达的方式分为:按对刺激的反应性,基因表达的方式分为:(一)组成性表达(一)组成性表达(constitu
9、tive expression)某某些些基基因因在在一一个个个个体体的的几几乎乎所所有有细细胞胞中中持持续续表表达,通常被称为达,通常被称为管家基因管家基因(housekeeping gene)。第13页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二这这 类类 基基 因因 表表 达达 又又 称称 为为组组 成成 性性 基基 因因 表表 达达(constitutive gene expression)(constitutive gene expression)。genes for essential cellular structures and metabolic pathways(e.g.rRNA,actin
10、,tubulin)usually expressed at high levelthe level of their gene expression may vary Housekeeping genesrRNA,actin,tubulin are commonly used as loading control in RT-PCR or Northern blot第14页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二(二)诱导和阻遏表达(二)诱导和阻遏表达在在特特定定环环境境信信号号刺刺激激下下,相相应应的的基基因因被被激激活活,基基因因表表达达产产物物增增加加,这这种种基基因因称称为为可可诱诱导导基基因因(
11、inducible genes)。如如果果基基因因对对环环境境信信号号应应答答是是被被抑抑制制,这这种种基基因是因是可阻遏基因可阻遏基因(repressible genes)。基因表达调控大多数是对这些基因的转录和基因表达调控大多数是对这些基因的转录和翻译速率的调节翻译速率的调节,从而导致其编码产物的水平从而导致其编码产物的水平发生改变,影响其功能。发生改变,影响其功能。第15页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二四、基因表达调控的生物学意义四、基因表达调控的生物学意义(一)维持细胞增殖、分化(一)维持细胞增殖、分化(二)维持个体生长、发育(二)维持个体生长、发育(三)适应环境变化(三)适应环境变化第
12、九、十章(基因与疾病、基因与发育)将要讲到第九、十章(基因与疾病、基因与发育)将要讲到 第16页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二1.Transcripts(转录本)begin and end beyond the coding region(5UTR and 3UTR)2.The primary transcript is processed by:5 capping 3 formation/polyA splicing3.Mature transcripts are transported to the cytoplasm for translation一般而言,基因表达调控主要是发生在基因转录
13、水平一般而言,基因表达调控主要是发生在基因转录水平上的调节,即:上的调节,即:mRNAmRNA合成的多少。合成的多少。transcription第17页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二五、基因转录调节基本要素五、基因转录调节基本要素(一)(一)RNA聚合酶聚合酶(RNA Polymerase)(二)特异(二)特异DNA序列序列(cis-acting elements)(三)调节蛋白(三)调节蛋白(trans-acting factors)Gene expression regulation at the level of DNA(transcriptional regulation)-highly
14、 sequence-dependent-varied regulation for different genes第18页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二cis-acting elements:promoters/regulatory sequences of genestrans-acting factors:proteins and RNAs that bind cis-elements and promote or repress gene expression第19页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二 (一一)RNA聚合酶聚合酶启动子、调节序列和调节蛋白通过启动子、调节序列和调节蛋白通过DNA-
15、蛋白质相互作用、蛋白质相互作用、蛋白质蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用影响蛋白质相互作用影响RNA聚合酶活性。聚合酶活性。RNARNA PolPol I:I:rRNA,rRNA,相对活性相对活性50-70%50-70%RNARNA PolPol IIII:mRNAmRNA,相对活性相对活性20-40%20-40%RNA Pol III:tRNA,RNA Pol III:tRNA,相对活性相对活性10%10%RNA Pol IV:small ncRNA,RNA Pol IV:small ncRNA,相对活性相对活性?第20页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二真核生物基因组中含有可以调控真核生物基因组中含有可以调
16、控自身自身基因表达活性的特异基因表达活性的特异DNADNA序列,序列,称为称为顺式作用元件顺式作用元件 (cis-acting element)(cis-acting element)。顺式作用元件顺式作用元件能够被转录调节蛋白特异识别和结合,从而影响基因能够被转录调节蛋白特异识别和结合,从而影响基因表达活性。表达活性。启动子启动子 (promoter)(promoter)顺式作用元件顺式作用元件又分又分 增强子增强子 (enhancer)(enhancer)沉默子沉默子 (silencer)(silencer)En/SiProDNA编码序列编码序列转录起始点转录起始点 (二)特异(二)特异D
17、NA序列序列第21页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二反式作用因子反式作用因子(trans-acting factor)能直接或间接与能直接或间接与顺式作用元件顺式作用元件相互作用,进而调控基因转录的相互作用,进而调控基因转录的一类调节蛋白,统称为一类调节蛋白,统称为反式作用因子反式作用因子。按其功能不同,常有以下三类:按其功能不同,常有以下三类:基本转录因子基本转录因子:识别识别promoter元件元件 转录调节因子转录调节因子:识别识别enhancer或或silencer 共调节因子:不能进行共调节因子:不能进行DNA-蛋白质相互作用蛋白质相互作用(三)真核基因的调节调节蛋白(三)真核基因的调节
18、调节蛋白第22页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二RNA聚合酶聚合酶在转录因子帮助下,形成的转录起始复合物在转录因子帮助下,形成的转录起始复合物polTFHTAFTFFTAFTAFTFATFBTBPTATA DNATAF:TBP associated factorsholoenzyme1.1.基本转录因子基本转录因子 (general transcription factor,GTF)是是指指能能够够直直接接或或间间接接与与启启动动子子核核心心序序列列TATATATA盒盒特特异异结结合合、并并启启动动转转录的一类调节蛋白。录的一类调节蛋白。TBP:TATA-box binding proteinTF
19、II:pol II associated TF第23页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二2.2.转录调节因子转录调节因子 (transcription factor,TF)这类调节蛋白能识别并结合转录起始点的上游序列和远端的增强子这类调节蛋白能识别并结合转录起始点的上游序列和远端的增强子元件,通过元件,通过DNADNA蛋白质相互作用而调节转录活性。蛋白质相互作用而调节转录活性。决定不同基因决定不同基因的时间、空间特异性表达的时间、空间特异性表达.转录激活因子转录激活因子(transcriptional activator)转录阻遏因子转录阻遏因子(transcriptional repressor)
20、3.3.共调节因子共调节因子 (transcriptional regulator/co-factor)首先与转录因子发生蛋白蛋白相互作用,进而影响它们的首先与转录因子发生蛋白蛋白相互作用,进而影响它们的分子构象,以调节转录活性分子构象,以调节转录活性,本身无本身无DNADNA结合活性。结合活性。如果与转录激活因子有协同作用如果与转录激活因子有协同作用共激活因子;共激活因子;与转录阻遏因子有协同作用与转录阻遏因子有协同作用共阻遏因子。共阻遏因子。第24页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二常见转录因子的结构域常见转录因子的结构域(domain)DNA结合域结合域(DNA binding domain)
21、Basic AA(K/R)rich,positively charged转录激活域转录激活域(trans-activation domain)TF蛋白质蛋白质-蛋白质结合域蛋白质结合域(dimerization,co-factors)谷氨酰胺谷氨酰胺(Q)(Q)富含域富含域酸性激活域酸性激活域(D/E-rich)脯氨酸脯氨酸(P)富含域富含域第25页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二Zinc FingerbHLHbZIPHomeodomain1)TF最常见的最常见的DNA binding domain第26页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二(1)锌指锌指(zinc finger)常结合常结合GC box
22、Cys-X2-4-Cys-X3-Phe-X5-Leu-X2-His-X3-HisC-terminal:-helix binding DNA第27页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二(2)碱性亮氨酸拉链碱性亮氨酸拉链 bZIP第28页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二bHLHbHLH蛋白蛋白(basic Helix-Loop-Helix)(basic Helix-Loop-Helix)(3)碱性螺旋碱性螺旋-环环-螺旋螺旋bHLH第29页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二2)TF常见的常见的trans-activation domain第30页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二(Activation domain is
23、 interchangeable)第31页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二Interaction AssaysDesign of Two-hybrid/Three-hybrid/etcseparable functional domainsTwo-hybrid assay(protein-protein)Tri-hybrid assay(protein-RNA)第32页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二1.RNA polymerase II2.promoter and enhancers3.transcription factorsEukaryotic gene expression is usuall
24、y controlled at the level of initiation of transcription.真核基因转录起始的调控真核基因转录起始的调控第33页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二 Holoenzyme-a supramolecular complex comprising Pol II,most GTFs,and Mediator/Srb complex In yeast,a 2MDa holoenzyme+TBP suffices for transcriptionOrdered Assembly and Pol II HoloenzymeTFIIDTFIIDone-step
25、multiple-step第34页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二TFIIB binds to DNA and contacts RNA polymerase near the RNA exit site and at the active center,and orients it on DNA.+25bpQ:prok-10bp vs euk-25bp?Sequential AssemblyTBP:TATA binding proteinTAFs:TBP associated factorsBinding of TFIID(TBP+11 TAFs,800KD)to the TATA box is
26、 the first step in initiation.第35页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二CTD:RNA Pol II C-terminal domainCTD is an unusual extension appended to the C terminus of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II.It comprises from 25 to 52 tandem copies of the consensus repeat heptad Y1S2P3T4S5P6S7.S2 and S5 are major phosphorylatio
27、n sites.CTD phosphorylation cause the conversion of proline isomerization states.Phosphorylation patterns on the CTD repeats determine different sets of associated factors,so that provide a dynamic platform to recruit different regulators of the transcription apparatus.In eukaryotic cells,the transc
28、ription of genes is accurately orchestrated both spatially and temporally by the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II(CTD).第36页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二PIC:PhosphoS5 is required for assembly of the PIC and facilitates mRNA capping via recruitment of capping enzymes.Elongation:S5 gradually becomes dephosphory
29、lated,whereas S2 is phosphorylated.Terminating:PhosphoS2 ensures efficient 3-RNA processing by triggering recruitment of 3-RNA processing machinery.Ending:CTDs are free of phosphate groups;non-phosphorylated CTDs are required for RNA polymerase II to recycle and bind a promoter for the next cycle of
30、 transcription.S2&S5,the trigger for transcriptional process modulation第37页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二第38页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二Factors involved in gene expression include RNA polymerase and the basal apparatus,activators that bind directly to,co-activators that bind to both activators and the basal apparatus,and regula
31、tors that act on chromatin structure(chromatin remodeling complex).Many Transcriptional Activatorsi.e.CAATGC-box第39页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二Near the initiation siteA little far away第40页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二SP1 stimulates transcription in presence of TAFII110 GC boxes bound by DNA binding protein SP1 SP1 recruits TFI
32、ID by binding TAFII110 Partially reconstituted complex(TBP and 3 TAFs)in addition to other GTFs,Pol II leads to high levels of transcription SV40 early promoterNear第41页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二Mediator complex is targeted by an activator Mediator is a stable complex containing several proteins(20-50)Mediator b
33、inds to the RNA pol II and transcription factors(activators or repressors)and mediates the regulatory signals to pol II (中介复合体)中介复合体)Far第42页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二What is the mechanism of activation?Two models:1.Tethering holoenzyme(recruitment)2.Activating holoenzyme(allosteric)(interaction activation)?第43页
34、,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二In favor of recruitment model(勾引模型勾引模型)第44页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二tat protein of HIV can stimulate transcription initiation without binding DNA at all The activating domain of the tat protein can stimulate transcription if it is tethered in the vicinity of promoter by binding to the RNA product
35、(tar sequence)of a previous round of transcription.tartat第45页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二DNA-binding domain is to bring the activation domain into the vicinity of the startpoint.And activation is independent of the means of tethering.we can think of DNA-binding(or RNA-binding in the case of tat)domain as providin
36、g a tethering function,whose main purpose is to ensure that the activation domain is in the vicinity of the initiation complex.The notion of tethering is a more general idea that initiation requires a high concentration of transcription factors in the vicinity of the promoter.This may be achieved wh
37、en activators bind to enhancers,upstream promoter elements,or in an extreme case by tethering to a newly-made RNA product.第46页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二总结总结 所有激活因子的共性:识别靶位点(启动子、增强子)的特异性由DNA结合域决定。DNA结合域将转录激活域带到基础转录区域附近。直接作用的激活因子具有DNA结合域和转录激活域。没有转录激活域的激活因子可能与具有转录激活域的共激活因子一起行使功能。基础转录区域中许多元件是(共)激活因子的靶位点 RNA聚合酶可以和多种
38、不同的转录因子相互作用,形成全酶复合物行使功能。第47页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二Synergy High levels of transcription induced by multiple factors Transcription factors can enhance transcription in a non-linear manner Synergisitic activation occurs due to multiple contacts with the machinery Multiple copies of the same activator also indu
39、ce synergistic activation第48页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二Interferon enhancer Enhancers often have binding sites for several transcription factors Transcription factors can bind cooperatively at adjacent sites Architectural factors(with no regulatory domains,i.e.HMG1)can assist assembly Remarkably increase binding
40、 affinity for both DNA and machinery第49页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二HMG1肩并肩、手挽手,根基稳、魅力足肩并肩、手挽手,根基稳、魅力足香肩并立、玉指紧扣,脚如磐石、面若桃花香肩并立、玉指紧扣,脚如磐石、面若桃花第50页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二One possible strategy:-Looping-Cohesins help to stabilize enhancer-promoter interactionsHow do enhancers act independent of distance and orientation?第51页,讲稿
41、共65张,创作于星期二An enhancer may function by bringing proteins into the vicinity of the promoter.An enhancer does not act on a promoter at the opposite end of a long linear DNA,but becomes effective when the DNA is joined into a circle by a protein bridge.An enhancer and promoter on separate circular DNAs
42、 do not interact,but can interact when the two molecules are catenated.Two experiments support the looping model-The essential role of the enhancer is to increase the concentration of activator in the vicinity of the promoter-第52页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二Receptors for many steroid and thyroid hormones have a s
43、imilar organization,with an individual N-terminal region,conserved DNA-binding region,and a C-terminal hormone-binding regionSteroid receptors are transcription factorsZinc finger TF第53页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二Glucocorticoids regulate gene transcription bycausing their receptor to transport into the nucleus a
44、nd bind to an enhancer whose action is needed for promoter function.Activation of Glucocorticoid Receptor(GR)Nuclear shuttling第54页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二利用利用GR的特性构建可诱导表达融合蛋白系统的特性构建可诱导表达融合蛋白系统DexamethasoneGRGRGRXXXDexamethasone(DEX):地塞米松,氟美松(抗炎药),合成的一种糖皮质激素;通过分子克隆的方法将GR和要研究的核蛋白X构建成融合蛋白,转基因到酵母、动物细胞或者植物中;不施加外源D
45、EX时,融合蛋白与HSP90形成复合物,由于构象和空间位阻等原因,融合蛋白存在于胞质中,不能定位到细胞核;添加DEX时,DEX扩散入胞与GR相结合,融合蛋白改变构象后核定位信号暴露,即可入核行使功能;用以研究核蛋白的功能(包括转录因子)。第55页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二Activation Tagging approach in plantsPlant transformation1.mutants screening2.locate T-DNA insertion site in Arabidopsis genome(how?)3.identify the right gene conf
46、erring mutant phenotype(how?)构建T-DNA序列,其中包括4倍重复的CaMV的35S增强字序列,435S元件可以大大增强相邻基因的转录;通过转基因的方法将T-DNA片段整合到植物基因组中;植物基因组上与T-DNA插入位点相近的基因表达量增高,即得到这个基因gain-of-function的转基因植物;第56页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二XVELexA 的DNA结合域(X)VP16转录激活域(V)human estrogen receptor调控域(E)NPTII;转基因筛选标记OLexA-46:LexA操纵子CaMV 35S基本启动子(而非增强子)A chemica
47、l-inducible activation tagging vector pER16 in plants RB-LB:T-DNA fragment(可以插入到基因组中)其工作原理为:在G10-90启动子控制下,XVE 融合转录因子组成型表达;当加入雌激素,雌激素和受体调控域(E)结合,导致XVE融合蛋白构象发生变化,并由细胞质转移进入核内;在细胞核内,XVE中的LexA DNA结合域(X)特异识别LexA操纵子区(OLexA),VP16的转录激活域(V)激活LB旁边的基因高水平表达。第57页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二Enhancer TrapEnhancer trap的质粒包含一个报告基因
48、(lacZ)和基本启动子,这段启动子不足以启动报告基因的表达,但是对增强子非常敏感。将这样的质粒整合到基因组中,如果插入位点附近有增强子报告基因就会表达。因此只要通过观测报告基因的表达情况(比如时空上的特异性)就可以知道这个增强子的作用,进而研究由这个增强子调控的内源基因的表达特性。第58页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二ZFN 技术原理技术原理锌指核酸酶(Zinc-finger nucleases,ZFN)是人工改造的限制性核酸内切酶,利用不同的锌指结构识别特异DNA序列,利用核酸酶切断靶DNA。锌指结构中每一个螺旋可以特异识别3-4个碱基;人工设计识别特异DNA序列的螺旋采用如上的通用序列,通
49、过改变其中7个X来实现识别不同的三联体碱基,TGEK是多个螺旋间的连接序列;构建成对人工锌指结构域和FokI融合蛋白(ZFN)可以在指定区域切断DNA双链。第59页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二ZFN 技术锌指核酸酶介导的定向染色体删除研究人员可以利用ZFN技术进行各种基因编辑,比如基因敲除。已建立有ZFN库,识别多种DNA序列,但还不能达到识别任意靶DNA的目的,其应用受到一定的限制。第60页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二TALEN=Transcription Activator-Like Effector+FokI Nuclease fusion proteinTALEN 技术长度为34aa的
50、重复肽段中的第12、13个氨基酸可以特异识别DNA单个碱基,形成2aa-1bp的特殊coden。利用这个特性可以人工设计识别任意碱基序列的TALE蛋白。TALE:transcription activator-like effector from Xanthomonas,TALE can specifically bind and regulate plant genes during pathogenesis.codon第61页,讲稿共65张,创作于星期二设计TALE结合位点接上报告基因(mCherry),同时构建一个特异识别这种TALE结合序列的的TALE蛋白,将两种质粒共同转入细胞,那么