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1、词类转译 I.Noun converting to verbs:1.The shadow cast by an object is long or short according as the sun is high up in the heaven or near the horizon.2.物体投影的长短取决于太阳是高挂天空还是靠近地平线。3.High precision implies a high degree of exactness but with no implication as to accuracy.4.高精度意味着高度的准确度，但并不说明具有准确性。5.They wen
2、t on strike in demand of a 40 percent wage increase.6.他们举行罢工，要求工资增加 40%。7.He is an enemy to reform.8.他反对改革。9.Difference between the social system of states shall not be an obstacle to their approach and cooperation.10.国及国社会制度的不同不应阻碍彼此的接近及合作。11.I am afraid I cant teach you English.I think my daughter
3、 is a better teacher than I.12.恐怕我教不了你英语，我想我女儿比我教得好。13.The operation of a computer needs some knowledge of English.14.操作电脑需要一些英语知识。A.具有动态意义的名词1“of 构造2短语构造翻译顺序：顺译及逆译 1.These depressing pumps ensure contamination-free transfer of abrasive fluids such as acids,dyes and alcohol.在输送酸、染料、醇等腐蚀性强的流体时，这类压缩泵能
4、保证输送无污染 2.It has also provided the bases for the traditional methodology of science:objective observation and description of some phenomena,the formulation of a hypothesis or hypotheses about the events observed and possible relationships among them,the use of these to predict future events,the veri
5、fication of the hypotheses and,on this basis,the construction of a theory of some area of natural activity.3.What is needed in the case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions.就噪音而论，所需要的是研究大批生活在噪音条件下的人数。Many people in industry and the service,who have practical e
6、xperience of noise,regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time.工业部门和军队中的许多人对噪音有切身体会，他们认为对这个问题进展任何调查都是浪费时间。6.An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.练习：1.The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Isra
7、el withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israels right to exist.2.One after another,speakers called for the downfall of imperialism,abolition of exploitation of man by man,liberation of the oppressed of the world.3.Until 1972,all efforts by the two nations to curb the nucl
8、ear arms race had foundered on one point:U.S.insistence on the right to make one-site inspection of the Soviet Strategic-arsenal and Russias refusal.B.英语中含有动态意义的名词通常翻译为动词，并根据需要增添逻辑宾语。1.The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我们特别神往。2.As the week draw
9、to a close,the enemy rout was complete.一周快完毕时，敌人彻底败退了。C.英语中有些以后缀 er,-or 结尾的名词，在句中并指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味，需要翻译为动词。1.I am afraid I cant teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.我恐怕教不了你游泳，我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。2.Talking with his son,the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past
10、 wrong doings.在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。3.He is no smoker,but his father is a chain-smoker.D.短语中的主体名词通常翻译为动词 1.The next news bulletin新闻节目,shorter than usual,made no mention of the demonstration.2.She had high praise for Dr.Smith,although she complained about his strictness.3.The party branch secretary
11、 showed great concern for the students health 4.He has already made mention of the matter in his speech.5.The next news bulletin新闻节目,shorter than usual,made no mention of the demonstration.6.She had high praise for Dr.Smith,although she complained about his strictness.7.The party branch secretary sh
12、owed great concern for the students health 8.He has already made mention of the matter in his speech.练习一 1.The Census Bureau,the data agency charged with creating statistics on household incomes and their distribution,does not maintain an official definition of middle class status.2.During the half-
13、hour talk,the two sides exchanged views on the choice of terms of payment,but they made no mention of the mode of transportation.在半小时的商谈中，双方就付款方式交换了意见，但没有提到运输方式。练习二 1.Not only does dark energy appear to make up the bulk of the universe,but its existence,if it stands the test of time,will probably re
14、quire the development of new theories of physics.2.The same is true of galaxy clusters,the largest coherent bodies in the universe-assemblages of thousands of galaxies embedded in a vast cloud of hot gas and bound together by gravity.3.Scientists say that government construction of a multi-billion-d
15、ollar,permanent space station could aid in detecting natural disasters on earth in advance,conducting medical research and collecting solar energy to transmit back.4.The analysis will require the development of new theoretical tools but should be within our grasp in the next few years.II.Preposition
16、s converting to verbs A.介词转译成动词。prep.-v.1.The road to development is long but we are firmly on it.开展的道路虽然漫长，可我们已坚决地走了上这条路。2.He is walking in the park with an umbrella in his hand.他在公园散步，手里拿着一把伞。3.It is our goal that the people in the undeveloped areas will be finally off poverty.我们的目标是使不兴旺地区的人民最终摆脱贫
17、困。4.The company has advertised in the newspaper for electronic experts.公司在报上登广告招聘电子方面的专家。被动句的翻译 1.译成汉语的“被字构造或相似构造 2.译成汉语主动句 3.保存原主语,被动改主动 4.把原文中的主语译为宾语 5.译成无主句 译成汉语的“被字构造或相似构造 2.译成汉语主动句 3.保存原主语,被动改主动 4.把原文中的主语译为宾语 5.译成无主句 A.译成汉语的“被字构造或相似构造,如“叫,让,给,受到 ,遭到,为所,是的,加以等。1.Though Hamlet has been disappoint
18、ed of the throne,every one respects him.虽然哈姆雷特被剥夺了王位，大家照样尊敬他。2.They were caught in the rain yesterday.他们昨天叫雨淋了。3.Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.我们的对外政策受到全世界人民的支持。4.They were given a hearty welcome.他们受到热烈欢送。5.He was policed by the bosses cops.他受到老板雇佣的警察的监视。6.I was so
19、 impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.我为这些话所深深感动，后来我就把它们写在圣诞贺片上。7.By evening the occupation was complete,and the people were chased off the streets by an eight oclock curfew.至黄昏，占领已告完成。八点钟开场的宵禁把人们从街道赶走。8.The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.
20、大火使这著名的旅馆几乎全部消灭。9.Most letters from his wife are read to him by the nurse in the hospital.他的妻子给他的信件，大多数是由医院里的护士念给他听的。B.译成汉语主动句 1.The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.他在青少年时期留下的自卑感，还没有完全消 除。2.On their domestic stations events in the Middle east were
21、 dismissed briefly.在他们国内的电台的播送中，中东事件只轻描 淡写地报道了一下。C、保存原主语,被动改主动 1.Mr.Black was given a prize.布拉克先生得了奖。2.His life was cut short by cholera.他因患霍乱而早亡。3.He was thrown into confusion by the return of his wife.他由于妻子归来而陷入惶惑不安之中。D.把原文中的主语译为宾语 1.By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organizat
22、ion,but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives.大战终了时，这个组织拯救了八百人，但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价。2.It would be astonishing if that loss were not keenly felt.如果人们不强烈地感到损失，那倒是奇怪了 E.译成无主句 1.Whenever work is being done,energy is being converted from one form into another.做功时，能从一种形式转变为另一种形式。2Cutting tools s
23、hould be inspected carefully before they are used.切割工具使用前要认真检查。3Some pictures were hung on the wall.墙上挂着照片。4.Children should be taught to speak the truth.要教孩子们讲真话。Idiomatic phrases or sentence patterns:1.已经证明 It has been proved 2.可以有把握地说 It may be safely said that 3.无可否认 It cannot be denied that 4.人
24、们希望 It is expected(hoped)that 5.人们(有人、大家)认为 It is considered(thought)that 6.不用说(谁都知道)It is understood that 7.大家知道(众所周知)8.据报道 9.据说 10.据估计(预计).The plan will be examined by a special committee.该方案将由一个特别委员会加以裁决。2.National Day is enthusiastically celebrated on October 1st by the Chinese people of all nat
25、ionalities every year.我国各族人民每年都要热烈庆祝十月一日的国庆节。3.He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.他出现在台上，观众给予热烈鼓掌。4.All Party members of the college are requested to meet in the assembly hall to listen to a speech.请全院党员在大礼堂听报告。5.It is said that he was cheated by his partner while doin
26、g business in the south.据说他在南方做生意时让同伴给骗了。6.It is believed that worry can make a persons hair turn gray overnight.有人相信忧愁能使一个人的头发一夜之间变白。7.It has been proved that plenty of vegetables will improve ones health.已经证明多吃蔬菜对安康有好处。8.This old man has been taken care of for years by some PLA men.这位老人多年来一直受到几位解放
27、军的照顾。9.The city is being destroyed by the flood.这座城市正在被洪水所毁。10.This material has to be used in the experiment.这种材料在实验中非用不可。11.Thousands of cars are produced by FIAT every year.菲亚特汽车公司每年生产成千上万辆小汽车。12.He was asked ten questions in the oral examination and answered every one of them correctly.口试时，问了十个问
28、题，他全都答对了。13.It is considered that women tell lies more often than men.有人认为女人说谎要比男人多。14.It should be admitted that the United Nations intervention is sometimes helpful for settling regional disputes.应该成认联合国的干预有时有助于平息地区性争端。15Special emphasis must be placed on the gravity of corruption and graft(受贿)amo
29、ng some high officials in China.必须特别强调我国高级官员收受贿赂和腐化堕落的严重性.It should be admitted that the United Nations intervention is sometimes helpful for settling regional disputes.应该成认联合国的干预有时有助于平息地区性争端。16Special emphasis must be placed on the gravity of corruption and graft(受贿)among some high officials in Chi
30、na.必须特别强调我国高级官员收受贿赂和腐化堕落的严重性 Assignments:他迈着沉重的脚步，回到离别三年的家乡。三年前，他参及了一个盗窃团伙被判刑三年，在劳改农场，因表现突出被提前一年释放。为了逃避一双双熟悉的眼睛，释放后，经人介绍，他来到湖南省南县一家木器厂做临时工。但强烈的思乡情促使他踏上了归乡旅途。回到家乡后，家乡的一切都令他感到亲切得意。他暗暗下决心：一定要重新做人。一天，邻居王二婶把钥匙锁在了家里，很多热心人都前来帮助，但都无济于事。人们找到他，但被拒绝了。王二婶哀求地说：“冬宝，求求你了，要是我当家的回来，我又少不了一顿揍。他知道，她丈夫很粗野，经常打他，他心软了，找来工具
31、费了好半天帮王二婶翻开了锁。王二婶感谢万分，特意买来一盒过滤香烟，非要塞给他。在场的人惊愕地看着他，一个劲地夸他有本领。第二天，他发现有好几户邻居的门上上了双把锁。几天后，他又离开了家乡，还是到那家木器厂做临时工。英语复合长句的翻译 一、顺译法 1If such alloys possess other properties which make them suitable for die casting,2they are obvious choices for the process,3because their lower melting point will lead to longe
32、r die casting lives 4than would be obtained with alloys of higher melting points.如果这类合金具有使他们适于压铸的其它性能，它们显然可以被选来用于压铸，因为它们熔点较低，比起高熔点合金来可以延长压铸模寿命。However,even if prediction becomes possible,people who live in areas where earthquakes are a common occurrence will still have to do their best to prevent di
33、sasters by building structures that are resistant to ground movement and by being personally prepared.然而，即使可以预测，居住在地震频发地区的人们还是应尽力预防灾难，方法是建造能够抗震的房屋，同时做好个人准备。The absence of pesticides and the emphasis on natural fertilizer are designed not only to keep the experiment as untainted as possible,but also
34、to protect the health of the human consumers;because all the air and water in Biosphere II is continually recycled and regenerated,it is important that no poisons be introduced into the system anywhere.不使用农药和强调天然肥料的目的不仅是为了使实验尽可能不被污染，也为了保护食用者的安康。因为“第二生物圈的空气和水全部是不断地再循环和再生的，所以不在此生态系统中任何地方引入毒物是很重要的。练习 1
35、.Now,a team of astronomers has discovered evidence that the object,whatever it may be,is spewing vast quantities of energetic particles that collide with a surrounding irregular ring of cold hydrogen gas.2.The study of the chemical sensors was mainly concentrated on the subjects of selectivity,life,
36、and cost;i.e.how to detect a specific material from the environment where many different substances co-existselectivity;how to maintain the sensor in the original condition(life);and how to economically achieve the targets(cost).传感器的研究主要集中在选择性、寿命和本钱上。即如何在很多不同物质共存的环境中测定某一特定的物质选择性；怎样把传感器维持在初始状态寿命；怎样经济
37、地实现目标本钱 倒译法 “This rotating，lumpy doughnut Hydrogen ring provides strong evidence that something exotic is going on deep in the heart of the Milky Way,said Terry Jones,an astronomer at the University of Minnesota who,as a member of an international team,has been studying the phenomenon.作为国际考察小组的一名一直对
38、这个现象进展研究的成员,明尼苏达大学天文学家特里.琼斯说：“这个不断旋转的像炸面圈样的凹凸不平的氢气环提供了有力的证据，说明在银河系中心深处有一种奇异的东西在活动。Scientists are learning a great deal about how the large plates in the earths crust move,the stresses between plates,how earthquakes work,and the general probability that given place will have an earthquake,although th
39、ey still cannot predict earthquakes.尽管科学家仍无法预测地震，但地壳中的大板块如何运动、板块间的压力如何、某地区发生地震的一般概率为多少，他们了解得越来越多。练习 1.Just as pace satellite 同步卫星,once it has got away from the pull of the earths atmosphere,continues to circle round and round the earth for ever,so an electric current circling the ring of mercury 汞，水
40、银 should continue to flow for ever,if the temperature is kept below the essential four degrees above absolute zero.2.It is very interesting to note the differently chosen operating mechanism by the different manufacturers,in spite of the fact that the operating mechanism has a major influence on the
41、 reliability of the circuit-breakers.3.Thus,marginal cost 边际本钱 to the producer may fall below marginal cost from the point of view of the whole economy when extra output requires extra foreign exchange and when foreign exchange is particularly scarce.3.The study of the chemical sensors was mainly co
42、ncentrated on the subjects of selectivity,life,and cost;i.e.how to detect a specific material from the environment where many different substances co-existselectivity);how to maintain the sensor in the original condition(life);and how to economically achieve the targets(cost).化学传感器的研究主要集中在选择性、寿命和本钱上
43、。即如何在很多不同物质共存的环境中测定某一特定的物质选择性；怎样把传感器维持在初始状态寿命；怎样经济地实现目标本钱 三、分译法 The classical metallurgical 冶金 processes of melting the oxides with carbon in the fusible slag 易熔渣,such as are used for the production of many of the common metals,are not applicable to the range of rather rare elements about which this
44、 section is written,if the metals are required in pure condition.传统的冶金过程是用碳将易熔渣中的氧化物融化，许多普通金属都是这样生成的，但这种方法分译并不适用于本文所提到的这些稀有金属元素，尤其是需要获得纯金属时更是如此。1.This development is in part a result of experimental studies indicating that favorable alterations in the determinants 决 定 因 素 of myocardial oxygen consum
45、ption心肌耗氧量 may reduce ischemic缺血的 injury and that reduction in afterload 后 负 荷may be associated with improved cardiac performance 心脏功能.2.Up to a point,flyovers 天桥 and underpasses,being the first really decisive steps to speed up and divert traffic,have eased the situation,but a considerable contribu
46、tion toward a satisfactory solution can be made by underground railway networks.3.In order to understand what happens during sintering of compacts烧结,the changes in density 密度,in dimensions 尺寸,in metallographic structure 金相组织 and in mechanical properties 机械性质 during sintering must be studied from an
47、experimental point of view.四、综合法/重组法 As the science of gene expression grows,we may be able to create genes/that(后置 can turn themselves off/after they have gone through a certain number of cell divisions 前置/or after the gene has produced a certain amount of the desired product.前置 随着基因表现科学的开展，我们也许能够创
48、造一些这样的基因：当它们经过了一定次数的细胞分裂后，或者当它们产生了一定数量的合符需要的产品之后，这种基因能够自行消亡。1.The nutritional dilemma of persons with AIDS,or PWAS,is that they must eat abundantly yet they must also avoid foodborne食物传染的 illness,juggle foods and medications,and surmount the poor appetite and indigestion caused by their medications
49、and by AIDS itself.2.What is questioned is whether a country like Britain has chance,assuming it has the will,to succeed where so many have failed and even assuming that it has,should make the tremendous effort and take substantial financial risk of trying to leapfrog into leadership in entirely new technology or whether it should take the softer option of merely catching up with the rest of the industrialized world.