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1、-阅读理解的根本方法技巧 1 快速阅读的根本方法技巧 从考试角度考虑，阅读理解的关键要抓两点：一是答题迅速，二是准确无误。因此阅读考试需要解决的一个根本问题就是如何在有限的时间高效率地完成阅读题。换言之，怎样才能做的又好又快这就少不了快速阅读的方法技巧。常见的快读方法有计时阅读 Timed Reading、略读 Skimming、寻读 Scanning、意群阅读(Sense Group Reading)等。我们在此向大家一一介绍这些方法技巧。A.意群快速阅读 所谓“意群也即是有意义的语法构造英语称作 sense groups，通常为词组、短语。顾名思义，“意群阅读法也就是按词组、短语在文中的组
2、合意义整体阅读，而不是单个的词汇阅读。我们知道，词是语句的根本组成单位，意群是语句的根本构成单元。单个词并无多大意义，只有组合起来，在上下文关系中形成特殊的意群，才能获得特殊的、确定的意义。由此可见，意群阅读是提高阅读效率、把握文章整体的关键。因此，我们在阅读文章的时候，目光不应当停留在每个单词上，而应当放在中心词上，把目光集中在意群的中心，从一个意群中心词到另一个意群中心词，这样的意群整体扫描是提高阅读速度的行之有效之法。汉语常常用“一目十行来形容*人读书速度快。英语的阅读训练有素者同样能到达这一境界。但对于一般的普通读者来说，能做到“一目数词也相当不错了。慢不一定就准，阅读速度慢的人的阅读
3、模式类似小学低年级学生读课本，看一个字读一个字，然后再想这个字的意思。这样的阅读方法目光再快也跟不上 AAA 测试的速度。因此，要提高阅读速度，就得铲除逐字阅读的坏习惯。而按意群阅读，既能提高目光的效率，又有利于整体思维，连词成句。下面读者不妨自己做这样一个比拟，先按逐字阅读的习惯方法阅读以下段落，看看要用多少时间。Many small cultural groups live in places far away from modern cities.Some of these tribes have never had any munication outside of their sma
4、ll geographical areas.When they do contact the outside world,their lives usually change.Learning how to change without losing the best of their own cultures is a problem for them.How can primitive cultures learn to live in a technological world.How can they do this without being lost.75 词 然后再用意群阅读法阅
5、读下面同一段落，看看共花多少时间。为了便于阅读，我们用分隔号“把句中的一个个意群隔开。Many small cultural groupslive in placesfar away from modern cities.Some of these tribes have never hadany municationoutside of their small geographical areas.When they do contactthe outside world,their lives usually change.Learning how to changewithout los
6、ing the bestof their own culturesis a problem for them.How can primitive cultureslearn to livein a technological world.How can they do thiswithout being lost.18 个意群 Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the historybooks are great conquerors and generals,whereas the people w
7、ho really helpedcivilization forward are often never mentioned at all.We do not know who first set abroken leg,or launched a seagoing boat,or calculated the length of the year but weknow all about the killers and-destroyers.People think a great deal of them,so muchso that on all the highest pillars
8、in the great cities of the world you will find the figureof a conqueror or a general.114 词 显而易见，采用“意群阅读法能一眼同时看到三个词或五个词，甚至更多的词。这样就大大节省了阅读的时间，起到事半功倍的作用。B.略读 略读又称浏览或掠读，就是迅速地阅读，以求抓住文章的梗概。略读的目的是为获得大意或者总体印象而进展阅读。略读作为一种快速阅读技巧对我们来说并不陌生。这就像我们看报纸时，几版、十几版的页面不可能一字不漏地往下看，只能用最快的速度找出主题，略掉一些无关紧要的细节或与主题不甚相干的局部，知道其中的
9、大概容即可。这种方法要求我们不要把眼睛盯在具体的每个单词上，而是要看篇章中的主题句或者是从篇章的构造着手，利用自己的推理能力，对文章的信息进展分析，从而归纳总结出主题。善于略读的人会有选择地阅读，跳过一些无关的句子、段落甚至是整页的容，只看自己感兴趣的东西。训练有素的略读者的阅读速度可以到达每分钟 1000 个词以上。略读的关键在于一个“略字，注意力应该集中在大意，而不是细节上。试以下文为例：Three passions,simple but overwhelmingly strong,have governed my life:the longing for love,the search
10、for knowledge,and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.These passions,like great winds,have blown me here and there.I have sought love,first because it brings ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy.I have sought it,ne*t,because it
11、 relieves loneliness that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss I have sought it,finally,because in the union of love I have seen,in a mystic miniature,the vision of the heaven that saints and poets have ima
12、gined.This is what I sought,and though it might seem too good for human life,this is what at last I have found.With equal passion I have sought knowledge.I have wished to understand the hearts of men.I have wished to know why the stars shine.And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by whi
13、ch number holds sway above the flu*.Love and knowledge,so far as they were possible,led upward toward the heavens.But always pity brought me back to earth.Echoes of cries of pain reverberated in my heart.Children in famine,victims tortured by oppressors,helpless old people a hated burden to their so
14、ns,and the whole world of loneliness,poverty,and pain make a mockery of what human life should be.I long to alleviate the evil,but I cannot,and I too suffer.This has been my life,I have found it worth living,and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.使用略读法，我们的目光只去捕捉以下关键的字眼：第一段：Thre
15、e passions,.,have governed my life:(l)the longing for love,(2)the search for knowledge,(3)unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind;第二段：I have sought love because(l)it brings ecstasy;(2)it relieves loneliness;(3)I have seen.the vision of the heaven;第三段：With equal passion I have sought knowledge.I
16、 have wished to(l)understand;(2)to know why the stars shine.And I have tried to-apprehend.第四段：Love and knowledgeled upward toward the heavens.But always pity brought me back to earth.I long to alleviate the evil,but I cannot,and I too suffer.第五段：This has been my life,and would gladly live it again.这
17、样一来，大大减轻了阅读的负担，一篇近 300 词的文章，阅读其中的 100 个词就能概括全部的容。略读归纳起来也就两句话：抓主谓构造，看前后衔接。C.寻读 所谓“寻读，就是通过目光扫视，以最快的速度从一篇文章中披沙拣金，迅速寻找出你所期望得到的*一具体情况、数据等。以日常生活为例。假设你要买一台价格适中、性能良好的计算机，你可浏览有关计算机广告。各种广告林林总总，品牌不同、功能各异、价格不等。你便可先从价格上考虑，通过寻读，找出几个你准备买的型号，然后从性能、信誉上进展比拟，最选中你想买的那一台。同理，寻读法也常见于阅读考试的细节题中。这种方法的特点是有的放矢，为我所用。譬如根据提问查找*一人
18、名、地名，*一件事发生的年月或其他类似的情况。阅读理解的细节题寻读技巧利要是用得当，往往会省时省事，答案迅速而准确。1)细读首段，理解大意 快读 2)看六选项，熟悉容 略读 3)先易后难，尝试掂量 寻读 4)前后参照，敲定答案 细读 2 如何识别信号词 A.什么是信号词 所谓“信号词(Signal Words)是指一些在阅读中起着信号提示的词语。这些词语预示着将要读到的容与上下文存在什么样的关系，或具有什么样的逻辑意思。因为我们知道，文章的句子不是无序地排列，而是按照一定关系，有目的、有规律地组织起来的。注意信号词能使我们了解作者的思路，理顺该句与上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而提高阅读理解的效率和
19、准确率。请看下面这一段落：In that mill,I learned the process of making paper.First,the logs are put in the shredder.Then,they are cut into small chips and mi*ed with water and acid.Ne*t,they are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp to be cleaned.It is also chemically bleached to whiten it.After this,it is passed t
20、hrough rollers to flatten it.Then,sheets of wet paper are produced.Finally,the water is removed from the sheets which are pressed,dried and refined until the finished paper is produced.作者通过表示先后顺序的信号词 first,then,ne*t,after this,then 和 finally,有条不紊地描述出造纸工艺的整个过程。B.信号词的类别 信号词可以归纳为下面几种：l表示递进的信号词：after al
21、l,also,again,and then,as well as,further more,additionally,in addition,in other words,moreover,to repeat 等；2预示有一样或类似容的信号词：and,also,moreover,further,likewise,in addition,besides,similarly,as well as,the same as 等；3预示有不同或相反容出现的信号词：-but,however,while,whereas,on the other hand,on the contrary,as apposed
22、 to,to the opposite,otherwise 等；4表示因果关系的信号词：as,for,since,because,as a result,consequently,thus,so,therefore,for this reason,so that,thereby 等；5表示条件性的信号词：if,in case,assuming that,on condition that,on the supposition that,provided that 等；6)表示总结性容的信号词：in short,in a word,in brief,briefly,in conclusion,a
23、s a result,in sum,to sum up,by and large,to conclude 等；7)表示先后关系顺序的信号词：before,after,another,first,ne*t,then,last,finally,afterwards,later on,since then,eventually,in the end,at last 等；8)表示解释、举例说明关系的信号词：for e*ample,for instance,such as,to illustrate,evidently,obviously,in other words,that is to say,th
24、e same as 等；9)表示目的的信号词：in order to,in order that,so that,so as to,for the purpose that 等。要是我们能把握住其中的黑体字信号词，则将有助于全文的理解，提高做题的效率。3 如何猜想不认识的词语 在阅读文章的过程中，考生面临最大的问题是遇到不认识的单词或短语，或者认识的单词在文章中有了新的含义。如果这些词或短语不影响对文章主要容的理解，考生便可以将它们略过，不中断阅读。如果这些词语的意思对正确理解文章很重要，就必须根据上下文的联系，根据构词法或其他方法对它们的意义进展猜想，使之不影响对整篇文章的理解。猜想词义通常
25、可采用以下几种方法。A.利用上下文确定词义 通过上下文来猜想词意是阅读考试中最常用的重要手段之一，联系上下文可以帮助我们理解句子，确定词义。下面我们通过一些实例来简要说明如何通过上下文来确定词义。例 1：He is successful as a businessman because of his dynamic personality.He seems to have unlimited energy.对于 dynamic 一词大家可能不熟悉，下文的 He seems to have unlimited energy他似乎有用不完的劲就是对 dynamic 词义的解释。这样，我们便知道该词
26、意为“有干劲的。例 2：A first-year college or university student is monly a freshman,and sophomore,junior and senior designate the secondthirdand fourthyear student.要是对 sophomore,junior 和 senior 几个术语不熟悉，通过后面的对应解释词语 the secondthirdand fourthyear student 我们便不难知道它们分别是指二、三、四年级的大学生。例 3：The tired soldiers trudged t
27、hrough knee-deep mud for hours before they found a dry place to sleep.通过后面的 through knee-deep mud没膝深的泥浆，我们知道 trudged 一词的意思为与行走这一动作有关，在泥浆中行走，也就是“跋涉。-下面我们联系上下文，试确定以下各句中斜体字的含义。1.The woman and the children were skilful in boats too,but there were usually several of them in a large boat called umiak.2.Th
28、e doctor said that if a person ate even one leaf of the hemlock plant,he would die,because the plant is a deadly poison.3.Although dogs and cats often have large families,rabbits are famous for the size of their litters,which sometimes number more than twelve bunnies at one time.4.Mark became hyster
29、ical when his basketball team won,and he did not calm down for several days.5.With mud from head to toe,flowers still clutched in his hand,John looked so ludicrous that we couldnt help laughing.6.A bee collects nectar not in its own stomach but in a kind of shopping bag(called the honey sac)similar
30、to the one ants have.7.Several generations ago,the world seemed to run in an orderly way.Now,however,everything is in a state of turmoil.8.After the first time someone tried to rob him,the banker became flustered easily,and in his confusion he would make many careless errors.9.Jane was intrigued by
31、the behavior of animals;she could sit for hours observing a bird making a nest or an ant carrying a leaf.10.Some chimps are very independent and appear to be the superior members of a group;others seem to be ruled by the leaders and are quite submissive.通过上串下联，我们不难确定上述各句中斜体字的含义如下：1.umiak n.一种大船 2.he
32、mlock n.一种有毒植物毒芹 3.litter n.一窝 bunnies 小兔子 4.hysterical a.歇斯底里，异常兴奋 5.ludicrous a.滑稽可笑的 6.nectar n.花蜜 honey sac 蜜胃 7.turmoil n.混乱 8.flustered a.慌乱的 9.intrigued a.感兴趣 10.submissive a.顺从的 B.利用构词法确定词义 掌握英语构词法，是提高阅读速度的技巧之一。在很多情况下，通过构词分析，便能理解不认识生词的含义，不至于中断阅读。因此，考生应当有效地利用自己所熟悉的词缀包括前缀和后缀和词根，通过构词法来是确定生词的含义。
33、例 1：Many cancers have been arrested with the use of chemotherapy.Chemotherapy 是由 chemo意为 chemical和 therapy(意为 treatment，整个单词意思就是“化学疗法。例 2：They overestimate the interviewees ability and asked him many difficult questions.overestimate over(过分、过度)estimate(估计)。因此 overestimate 的词义可-猜想为“过高估计。例 3：The murde
34、rer had developed a poison which could not be tasted or smelled when mi*ed with food.Because it was imperceptible,he was able to murder a number of people without being caught.句中的 imperceptible 一词由前缀 im-非，不词根 percept感知、觉察后缀-ible能的构成。几局部组合在一起，也就是“难以觉察的之意。例 4：Social science is that branch of intellect
35、ual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.其中的 dispassioned 为超纲词，我们可根据构词法 dis+passion+ed 知其大概意思：除掉激情的，也即是“冷静的。C.利用语法知识确定词义 在很多情况下，各种语法知识可以帮助我们来判断词性、词义。例 1：T
36、his set of books is for children.The first book of the sequence,which is one of the most popular series of childrens stories,is a group of stories about the inhabitants of a village.假定我们不认识 sequence，利用定语从句 which is one of the most popular series of childrens stories,其中 series 就与 sequence 同义，也就是“丛书的意
37、思。例 2：For their fishing and hunting the men used a kayak,a small boat for one person.利用同位语 a small boat for one person 我们知道 kayak 是一种单人小船。例 3：A solar eclipsewhen the moon passes between the Earth and the sunin an unusual and interesting phenomenon that occurs rarely.通过破折号解释我们知道 solar eclipse 为“日食。例
38、4：Ventilation,as we know,is a system or means of providing fresh air.It plays a very important part in the field of engineering.通过后面的解释我们知道 Ventilation 为“通风，流通空气之意。例 5：The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope,an instrument for listening to a patients heartbeat and breathing.Stethoscope
39、一词大家都不熟悉，通过后面的同位语解释 an instrument for listening to a patients heartbeat and breathing，我们便能理解 stethoscope 确实切词义，即“听诊器或“听筒的意思。D.根据同义、反义关系确定词义 阅读中，特别是要注意表示反意的信号词：in contrast,on the other hand,rather than,however,yet,although,while,unlike,but,whereas,as opposed to 等，利用这些同义、反义关系，可以帮助我们确定词义。例 1：My sister
40、Marry is an optimist,while her boyfriend is one who is always gloomy and e*pects the worst to happen.从 while 的转折关系可知 optimist 意思是“one who e*pects the best,即“乐观的。例 2：Mother was tall,fat,and middle aged.The principal of the school was an older woman,almost as plump as Mother,and much shorter.根据 Mother
41、 was tall,fat 以及后面 as plump as 的同义关系，我们知道 plump 为-“饱满的之意。例 3：Sally liked to concoct all sorts of stories,but her mother always knew when she was lying.concoct 一词大家不熟悉，根据 but 的转折关系我们知道在此句中与 was lying 的含义大体一样，由此可知 concoct 的大概意思是“编造谎话。例 4：A gorilla always makes me think of the word aloofnot friendly,of
42、 distance from others.假定我们不认识 aloof 一词，破折号后的反义关系：“不友好，冷漠 就解释了 aloof一词的含义。E.利用逻辑推理和常识确定词义 有时候，逻辑推理和自身的生活经历及普通常识能帮助我们确定词义。例 1：Fishes live in water and have fins which help them to swim.Most fishes have slimy skins covered with scales,but in fishes such as eels the scales are very small and can hardly
43、be seen.凭常识我们不难猜出 fins,slimy 和 scales 确实切意思分别是“鳍、“滑溜的和“鳞，对于 eels 一词，我们只需知道是 fish 的一种鳗类就行了。例 2：Not wanting to disturb the sleeping kitten,I gingerly lifted her from the bo*and put her on a blanket near the heater.根据前半句的 Not wanting to disturb不愿打搅，我们便可大致推测出 gingerly一词的含义：“小心翼翼地。例 3：A mercury thermomet
44、er is made of a glass tube with a bulb at one end.凭常识我们知道温度计下面的 bulb 是“水银球。英语写作主题的展开 1 怎样开好头 首段一般要介绍写作意图和背景，点出主题，起到引领全文的作用。值得注意的是，本段思想不宜过多展开，否则可能造成后面段落无话可说的为难，文章构造上也会头重脚轻，影响整体美。一般引出主题可以用俗语，给人以熟悉、亲近感。比方，在写有关鼓励人勤奋、脚踏实地的话题时可以用 No pains,no gains.这样的俗语开头。在写有关励志容时可以用 Where there is a will,there is a way.开
45、篇。亦可先提出一个众人熟悉且赞同的观点，然后提出与之截然想反的观点，形成悬念，给人以新鲜感，从而引起兴趣。如，写一篇关于怎样保持身体*的文章，我们可以这样开场：Most people would agree that doing e*ercises is good to their health,but few realize that sometimes it may do more harm than good to your body.This depends on who you are,when and how you are doing e*ercises.写作开头段根据不同的题目
46、可采取不同的方法。常见的技巧方法有：1开门见山式。即在文章的开头就把自己的观点摆了出来。然后接着议论。这样的写法符合一般的英语写作规。2迂回式。即由远及近，先表达大环境的形式，逐渐接触本文的主题。这是一种较为典型的中式写作法。用于英语写作也未尝不可。但有的考生在第一段里写的容几乎与文章的题目无任何关系，这就需要注意了。这种写法是不能承受的。3提问式。便于直接切入主题；如“How do we get rid of bad habits?This is the most important thing for us to doat college.又如“Why should people love
47、-animals?或“When do we start doing things with the aid of puter?等等。4引用式。引用成语习语“A friend in need is a friend in deed.Mr.Li is such a friend of mine.又如“Where there is a will,where is a way.以及“As the saying goes,money make the mare go 等等。这一类开头容易得高分，需要较高的英语水平，但一定要引用准确，否则会弄巧成拙。2 怎样防止容无序、思想混乱 一篇文章要做到思想清晰，容
48、有序，必须围绕一定的中心逐步去展开。看下面短文问题何在。At present,Television has been an important entertainment tool.In spite of its some disadvantages,I think that its advantages outweigh disadvantages.People can learn all types of news from television,for e*ample,current affairs,film,advertisements etc.But it takes too man
49、y money to buy.In addition,people can fortably watch program uncostly with family at home.Although there is some noise after television is switched and it is harmful to our lives,in addition,many people certain to believe that television is beneficial to our lives.这篇短文除了用词造句方面的错误外，主题展开中思想混乱，条理不清。从首段
50、看文章主题是“电视优点胜过缺点。接下来拓展段里时而说它的好处，时而说它的弊端，语句也不连贯，让人摸不清作者到底倾向什么观点。看修改正的容：There are four reasons why television is beneficial.First of all,television gives us the news quickly.When there is an airplane accident or other problem anywhere in the world,we can know about it in a very short time.Secondly,tele