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1、一、元素和单质的命名“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”,有时为了区别,在强调“单质”时可用“free element”;因此,单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的;下面给出的既是元素的名称,同时又是单质的名称;1 主族元素和单质：IA IIA IIIA IV A V A VIA VIIA 0 Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
2、 Potassium Calcium Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Cesium Barium Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium 2 过渡元素和单质 Fe:iron Mn:manganese Cu:copper Zn:zinc Hg:mercury Ag:silver Au:gold 二 化合物的命名：化合物的命
3、名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读,这与中文读法顺序是相反的;表示原子个数时使用前缀：mono-di-tri-tetra-penta-hexa-hepta-octa-,nona-,deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时,这些前缀都尽可能被省去;1 化合物正电荷部分的读法：直呼其名,即读其元素名称;如 CO:carbon monoxide Al2O3:aluminium oxide N2O4 ：Dinitrogen tetroxide 对于有变价的金属元素,除了可用前缀来表示以外,更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态,或用后缀-ous 表示低价,-ic 表示高价;如 FeO:ironII oxide 或 f
4、errous oxide Fe2O3:iron III oxide 或ferric oxide Cu2O:copperI oxide 或 cuprous oxide CuO:copperII oxide 或cupric oxide 化合物负电荷部分的读法：二元化合物：常见的二元化合物有卤化物,氧化物,硫化物,氮化物,磷化物,碳化物,金属氢化物等,命名时需要使用后缀-ide,如：fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide,oxide,sulfide,nitride,phosphide,carbide,hydride;OH-的名称也是用后缀-ide：hydroxide,非金属
5、氢化物不用此后缀,而是将其看成其它二元化合物见;；非最低价的二元化合物还要加前缀,如 O22-:peroxide O2-:superoxide 举例：NaF:sodium fluoride AlCl3:aluminium chloride Mg2N3:magnesium nitride Ag2S：silver sulfide CaC2:calcium carbide FeOH2：ironII hydroxide 有些物质常用俗称,如 NO nitric oxide N2O nitrous oxide 非金属氢化物 除了水和氨气使用俗称water,ammonia以外,其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名
6、称,命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同;对于卤族和氧族氢化物,在化学式中写在前面,因此将其看成另一元素的二元化合物;举例：HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride 对于其它族的非金属氢化物,在化学式中写在后面,可加后缀ane,氮族还可加-ine 举例：PH3:phosphine 或 phosphane AsH3:arsine 或 ar
7、sane SbH3:stibine 或 stibane BiH3:bismuthane CH4:methane SiH4:silane B2H6:diborane 无氧酸 命名规则：hydro-词根-ic acid 举例：HCl:hydrochloric acid H2S:hydrosulfuric acid 含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子 化学专业英语用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子,价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀,不同的后缀;高某酸 per-ic 正酸ic 亚酸-ous 次酸 hypo-ous 高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根ate 亚酸根-ite 次酸根 h
8、ypo-ite 其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta-偏 thio-硫代 举例：HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4-perchlorate ion HClO3 chloric acid ClO3-chlorate ion HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2-chlorite ion HClO hypochlorous acid ClO-hypochlorite ion H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric
9、acid S2O32-thiosulfate ion 盐 正盐：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称;如 FeSO4 ironII sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate 酸式盐：同正盐的读法,酸根中的读做 hydrogen,氢原子的个数用前缀表示;如 NaHCO3:sodium hydrogen carbonate 或 sodium bicarbonate NaH2PO4:sodium dihydrogenphosphate 复盐：同正盐的读法,并且阳离子按英文名称的第一个字母顺序读;如 KNaCO3:potassium sodium carbon
10、ate NaNH4HPO4:ammonium sodium hydrogen phosphate 水合盐：结晶水读做 water 或 hydrate 如:aluminum chloride 6-water 或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlKSO4 212H2O aluminium potassium sulphate 12-water 三 物理性质 physical properties colour:colorless,red-brown,violet-black,purple-black,pale yellow,dark brown smell:odor
11、less,pungent,penetrating,offensive,choking,bitter,sour,sweet state:solid,liquid,gas,gaseous,oily,crystalline,uncrystalline,molten,fused solubility:soluble,insoluble,slightly soluble,very soluble,density:heavy,light,less dense,denser,greatly denser,slightly denser,about the same dense hardness:hard,s
12、oft,ductile,malleable toxicity:toxic,poisonous melting point,boiling point:high,low conductivity:electrical conductivity;thermal conductivity;conductor;insulator;semiconductor 四 化学性质 chemical properties stability:stable,unstable,reactive,unreactive redox property:oxidizing ability,reducing ability,o
13、xidizing agentoxidant,reducing agent reductant,oxidation,reduction,oxidation state,valence,strong,weak acid-base property:acidic,basic,strong,weak,monohydroxy base,monoprotic acid,五 化学方程式 Chemical Equations 1 反应名称：Combination；decomposition；single displacement；double displacement；redox reaction；nonre
14、dox reaction；disproportionation；neutralization；exothermic reaction;endothermic reaction;reversible reaction;forward reaction;reverse reaction;spontaneous reaction;nonspontaneous reaction 2 反应条件：heat;burn;ignite/ignition;electrolyze/electrolysis;under/at ambient/room temperature;under standard pressu
15、re;with/in the presence of a catalyst 3 读法：Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.1 mol nitrogen reacts with 3 mol hydrogen to form 2 mol ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.Nitrogen combines
16、 with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.Ammonia decomposes to nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.Reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a
17、catalyst gives ammonia.At high temperature and pressure,reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst takes place.六 化学计算 Chemical Calculation 1 化学术语：atomic mass/weight;molecular weight;amount of substance;mole;number of moles;molar mass;molar volume;concentration;molarity;excess a
18、gent;limiting agent；reactant;product;yield;2 数学术语：运算名称 addition subtraction mulplication division 动词读法 add substractedfrom multiplyiedby dividedby 介词读法 plus minus times over 运算结果 sum difference product quotient o/zero point o o one 2/3 two thirds equals/is equal to is approximately equal to less tha
19、n greater than x2 x squared ;x3 x cubed ;x-10 x to the minus tenth power 100oc one hundred degrees centigrade 5%five percent by mass,volume round brackets/parentheses square/angular brackets braces linear planar trigonal square tetrahedral 七 化学实验 Chemical Experiments 1 实验用品 equipments/apparatus 烧瓶 r
20、ound-bottom/Florence flask 锥形瓶 conical Erlenmeyer flask 三角漏斗 funnel 长颈漏斗 thistle tube 试管架 test-tube rack 集气瓶 bottle;glass jar 滴定管 burette 烧杯 beaker 玻棒 glass rod 洗瓶 wash bottle 干燥管 drying tube 试管刷 test tube brush 温度计 thermometer 火柴 match 酒精灯 burner 石棉网 wire gauze 铁架台 iron stand 指示剂 indicator 酚酞 pheno
21、lphthalein U 型管 U tube 石蕊 litmus 甲基橙 methyl orange 淀粉 starch 橡皮塞 rubber stopper 橡皮管 rubber tube 滴管 eye dropper 角匙 spoon 蒸发皿 evaporation dish 滤纸 filter paper 研,棒 mortar and pestle 量筒 graduated cylinder 天平 balance 2 实验报告:aims;principles/introduction;procedures;observations;conclusion/deduction brisk effervescence,precipitate,milky,aqueous solution 3 实验类型：confirmative test;inquiry test;qualitative analysis;quantitative analysis;measurement/determination on 4 实验操作：collect gas over water;upward displacement of air;downward delivery bubble gas through;dry gas;suck bac