《新编语言学第三章3phonology.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《新编语言学第三章3phonology.pdf（3页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、 Chapter Two Phonology Questions and exercises 1.Broadly speaking,how does phonology differ from phonetics?2.How does an allophone differ from a phoneme?3.Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs?tap,pen,move,heat,tape,bun,fat,ban,chain,know,toe,tale,bell,far,meal,vote,heel,pha
2、se,face 4.In some dialects of English the following words have different vowels,as is shown by the phonetic transcriptions.A B C bite/bjt/bide/bajd/die/daj/rice/rjs/rise/rajz/by/baj/ripe/rjp/bribe/brajb/wife/wjf/wives/wajvz/dike/djk/dime/dajm/a.Are/j/and/aj/in complementary distribution?Give your re
3、asons.b.If/j/and/aj/are allophones of one phoneme,should they be derived from/j/or/aj/?Why?c.Give the phonetic representations of the following:file,bike,lice.5.Phonetically,there are three/l/sounds in some varieties of English:a clear l,with relatively front resonance,dark l with relatively lack re
4、sonance,and voiceless l.These are in complementary distribution.Write a rule showing precisely in which contexts the phoneme/l/is realized as clear,dark and voiceless.6.Consider the following data from Finnish:/ku:zi/six/kudot/failures/kate/cover/katot/roof/kade/envious/ku:si/six/li:sa/Lisa/madom/of
5、 a worm/maton/of a rug/ratas/wheel/li:za/Lisa/radan/of a track a.Do/s/and/z/,/d/and/t/represent different phonemes?b.Are they in complementary distribution?c.Are they in free variation?7.Consider the distribution of/r/and/l/in Korean in the following words:/rup1/ruby;/mul/water;/klrl/road;/soul/Seou
6、l;/saram/person;/,lkop/seven;/ratio/radio;/lpalsa/barber Are/r/and/l/allophones of one or two phonemes?State your reasons.8.Give three English words which begin with a cluster of three consonants.Write out a rule for this consonant cluster.Is there any exception to your rule?9.How many syllables are
7、 there in the word loveliest?Identify each syllables nucleus and(where appropriate)onset,rhyme and coda.10.Write out the phoneme that best records the sound the underlined letter(s)is actually pronounced in rapid and spontaneous speech:a.as you may know b.a meat ball c.his telephone call d.Could you
8、 go?e.Take this.f.Green Park g.Dont you like me?h.ten hooks i.Does he?11.What intonation and stress do we use when we say“All that glitters is not gold”?Key for reference Questions and exercises:1.Phonetics is the linguistic study to identify and describe the characteristics of all the speech sounds
9、 that occur in all human languages.Phonology is the description of the sound systems and patterns of individual language.Phonology is the application of phonetics to the process of communication in a particular language or languages.2.Phonemes are the distinctive sounds of a language.They are abstra
10、ct and ideal.They form a system.Allophones are the members of the same phoneme.They are the actual realization of the phoneme.Most of them are predictable(positional)phonetic variants of a phoneme.3.tap/tape,bun/ban,know/toe,meal/heel,phase/face 4.a./j/and/aj/are in complementary distribution./j/onl
11、y occurs when it is followed by a voiceless consonant,and/aj/only occurs when it is followed by a voiced consonant.b./j/and/aj/are allophones of one phoneme,and/j/is derived from/aj/for/aj/occurs when it is not followed by any consonant.c.file/fajl/,bike/hjk/,lice/ljs/.5.The phoneme/l/is realized as
12、 clear 1 when it occurs in the initial position of a syllable.It is realised as dark l when it occurs in the end position and as voiceless l when it follows a voiceless consonant.6.a./s/and/z/are allophones of the same phoneme,while/d/and/t/represent different phonemes.b.Neither of the pairs is in c
13、omplementary distribution.c./s/and/z/are in free variation.7./r/and/1/are allophones of one phoneme for they are in complementary distribution./r/only occurs in the initial position of a syllable and/1/only the end position.8.strike,splash,square,etc.Only/s/can occur in the first position.The second
14、 consonant must be a voiceless plosive,/p/,/t/or/k/.The third consonant must be a liquid or semi-vowel,/l/,/r/,/w/or/j.But certain combinations,such as/stw/and/stl/,are not permissible.9.There are three syllables in the word loveliest,love,li and est.For love,nucleus:o onset:l,rhyme:ove and coda:ve.For li,nucleus:i,onset:l and rhyme:i.For est,nucleus:e,rhyme:est and coda:st.10.a./b./d/c./d./d/e./f./m/g./t/h./i./s/11.The sentence should be read with a falling-rising tone to negate the word all:ALL that glitters is not GOLD.