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1、TIPS FOR PUBLISHING IN WESTERN JOURNALSMark WilliamsUniversity of ColoradoEditor:Arctic,Antarctic,and Alpine ResearchPublishing in Western JournalsWhy cant Chinese scientists get published in western Journals?As editor of AAAR,I reject about 90%of manuscripts submitted from ChinaAre there lessons th
2、at the Chinese can learn that will help them get published in western journals?Arctic,Antarctic,and Alpine Research has an Impact Factor 0.964.It is ranked number 2 in the Geography category and number 14 in the Environmental Sciences My comments are based inpart from my experience aseditor of AAAR.
3、Im also a scientist.Personal China experiencesOVERVIEWContrast Chinese and Western cultural approaches to educationStep-by-step instructions on how to write a manuscript for western journalsCHINAMajor economic forceNatural entreprenuershipWorld-class scientific powerScience education extensive,rigor
4、ousNOT FULFILLING SCIENTIFIC POTENTIALLow scientific profile on the world stageLost opportunities,both scientifically and technologicallyMissed opportunities to improve economy and quality of life of Chinese citizensRespectedDifficult examsMany hours spent studyingEmphasis on rote learningANCIENT SC
5、HOLARSSoviet ModelChinese borrowed the rigid Soviet system in the 1950sSoviet model congealed with Chinas traditional value of education(not just political thinking)Traditional education in China,from the Confucious era on,has always been to remove independent thinkingCultural problem!AUTHORITY vsCR
6、EATIVITYDeference to existingauthority and major paradigms is a majorbarrier to scientific breakthroughMM Poo,Nature,2004CONSTRUCTIVE ADVICEGreater engagement with scientists in the western worldProvide a scientific environment that attracts the best and brightess Chinese students to return from the
7、 west to ChinaCampbell,Nature,V428,2004Modern ResearchTraining in scientific thinkingInnovationPriority settingProblem solvingClear communicationCreativityEssential TensionDesire to excelChallenges from colleagues And STUDENTS!Competition from peersPublish or perishHeart,mind,and soul of scientific
8、inquiryRAISE QUESTIONSChallenge existing paradigmsChallenge hypothesesChallenge conceptsChallenge field methodsChallenge analytical methodsShow how you improve science!PUBLISHING PAPERSBuilds on this tension of challenging existing paradigmsIncorporates the Chinese strengths of mathematical sophisti
9、cation and attention to analytical detailFollows a very prescribed formula that is not taught currently in Chinese schoolsEmphasis on creativity,new insightsCOMMON QUESTIONSWhat is acceptable research by western journals?What goes in the introduction?How much methods do you need?What is the differen
10、ce between results and discussion?Where do you cite other work?ACCEPTANCE CRITERIANew contribution to scienceOriginal and creative workHypothesis testing and/or important objectivesNOT ACCEPTABLEInventory-type dataPlants of the Tarim BasinSoil characteristics of the Hengduan alpineReporting dataClim
11、ate of the Tibetan PlateauNutrient content of soil profilesBoth these examples would be acceptable if the data used to test hypothesesSTEP-BY-STEP POINTERSAbstractIntroductionSite DescriptionMethodsResultsDiscussionABSTRACTFirst 2-3 sentencesWhat,why,where,when,and howMain body:important resultsPlac
12、e important results here:actual values,eg regression results,t-tests,etcNo or little interpretation of resultsLast sentence:speculate on importance of results250-300 total wordsINTRODUCTIONWhy is your research important?Who should care about your research?What is the new contribution to science?The
13、introduction is a persuasive essay that convinces the reader/reviewer the research is timely,interesting,insightfulINTRO:SubsectionsProblem StatementCurrent gaps in knowledgeWhy those gaps in knowledge occurNew tools/approaches to filling gapsObjectives/hypothesesThese build on the paragraphs aboveB
14、e explicit about new contributions to scienceEcology:hypothesis testingClimate/Hydrology:objectivesPROBLEM STATEMENTDefine the problemExplain why the problem is of interestBackground material that summarizes the current state of knowledgeInitial 2 paragraphs or soCite groundbreaking,older papersCite
15、 current,recent papersGrab the readers interestEXAMPLEWolsky et al.(1967)have shown that climate extremes are more likely to affect society,including crop yield,than changes in the mean climate.More recently,Liu et al.(2003)conducted numerical simulations and concluded that climate extremes at regio
16、nal scales,such as over the Tibetan Plateau,have larger amplitude than extremes at the global scale,and are thus likely GAPS IN KNOWLEDGEWhat are the current holes in our knowledge?1-2 paragraphsExplain why these holes existExplain how filling these holes will advance scienceThe lack of a homogeneou
17、s climate network over the Tibetan Plateau has hindered our ability to document and understand the variability and magnitude of extreme climate events(reference).The development of a robust and long-term climate database would facilitate Previous ResearchYou have to be familiar with all the recent r
18、esearch in the western worldIt may seem unfair,and is,because these papers are all written in English.However,you have no choice.To get published,you must be an expert in your chosen field.OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESESAlways the last paragraph of introRoadmap of what you will present in the remainder of the
19、 manuscriptBe explicit about new contribution to scienceRemember,you are going form the local (your research)to the global(showing how your research moves science forward)Hypotheses/Objectives“Here we test the hypothesis that the strength of the summer monsoon is inversely related to the amount of s
20、now-covered area on the Tibetan Plateau.We estimated snow-covered area on the Tibetan Plateau from 1976 to 2002 using microwave sensors validated with field campaigns conducted in 2000 and 2001.Additional objectives are:(1)to improve our knowledge of the spatial distribution of snow-covered area on
21、the Tibetan Plateau;(2)to INTRO SUMMARYLength:usually 4-6 paragraphsAbove all,you are writing a persuasive essay that convinces the reader this manuscript will make an important contribution to scienceBe clear about the creativity and originality of the research.Data reports are not acceptable!SITE
22、DESCRIPTIONMapSite location:local to regionalSampling locations in research areaImportant features:landscape types,geology,soil cover,water features,etcSITE DESCRIPTIONTextImportant information that characterizes the location:geology,landscape type,general climate,topography,landuse change,etc“The T
23、ibetan Plateau is the highest continental landmass in the world.Elevation ranges from 2,500 to 8,000 meters,with an average elevation of 4,200 m.Climate is arid,with an average annual precipitation of 300 mm(Zhou et al.,2001).There is a large seasonal range in air temperature,from 15 degrees C in wi
24、nter to”METHODSEnough detail for someone else to recreate the experiment/redo the data analysisExplain how and why experimental locations chosen(random,logistical contraints,etc)What statistical tests and whyReference original methods presentationExample:soil water chemistryAnalytical instrument nam
25、e and modelAny unusual protocolsAccuracy,precision,and detection limitsStandards and blanksSample collection,transport,holding timesFor example,“we analyzed soil samples for total nitrogen and total phosphorus”is not acceptable.Example:soil water chemistry“Soil water samples were collected using ten
26、sion lysimeters(Campbell Scientific DR20a)following the protocol of Litaor(1986).Samples were immediately filtered using 0.4 mm Gelman GF filters.Samples were kept chilled at 4 degrees C and analyzed within 10 days for nutrients.DOC was analyzed on a Shimaduz TOC 5050a.Detection limit was 0.2 mg/L R
27、ESULTSDescribe and present your resultsHighlight the important resultsShort explanation of WHY your results are interestingNo or little interpretation of resultsFew or no references to other workAnalyze the resultsSecondary analysis above and beyond presenting the initial measurement/modeling values
28、EXAMPLEWrong:“Results are presented in Table x.”Correct:“Our results suggest that the strength of the summer monsoon on the Tibet plateau is inversely related to the spatial extent of snow-covered area.A simple linear regression between the monsoon index and SCA has a negative slope(monsoon index=4
29、0.11 SCA).Moreover,the regression is significant at the alpha=0.05 level(R2=0.72,n=19,p=0.01).”DISCUSSIONCompare your results to those of other investigatorsLots of referencesInterpret your results in terms of processes,etc.Lots of references againSpeculate on major science questionsCOMPARE RESULTS“
30、Our results are consistent with other reports that suggest an inverse relationship between the strength of the Indian Monsoon and snow-covered area on the Tibetan Plateau.For example,Smith et al.(1996)showed that precipitation amount at Darleng,India generally increased when SSMI microwave data show
31、ed negative snow anomalies on the Tibetan”INTERPRET PROCESSES“Our results suggest that the intensity of the Indian monsoon is driven by the amount of heating of the Tibetan Plateau.Previous research has shown that late-lying snowpacks decrease ambient air temperature because the net energy balance m
32、ust go towards melting snow rather than warming soils(Williams et al.,1999).Thus,decreasing snow results”Most ImportantReviewers really make the decisionGenerally get two reviewsNeed to do everything to get the reviewers on your sideGood EnglishFormat correctlyExcellent figuresText should be easy to
33、 readDealing with EditorsPay attention to journal formatSend in the best possible manuscriptMake sure that the journal acknowledges that they received your manuscriptCheck in about four months on status if you havent heard from the journalAlways be courteous in your correspondenceReview CommentsSeem
34、 unfairMay seem hostileUse criticisms as foundation for improvementDO NOT send to a different journal with minimal improvement!Have a positive approachLearn from the criticismAdditional StepsHave your institute hire a native English speaker as a writerKnow latest methods before starting workAttend t
35、alks by visiting lecturesWork with your institute to obtain western journal articlesHave a weekly lunch meeting to discuss current and past papers in your disciplineModeling PapersMore difficult to get publishedWhy is this modeling important?What is the modeling contribution to science?How detailed
36、is the methods section?Is there some kind of validation?Field measurements?Statistical tests?Error analysis?SUMMARYEmphasis on new contributions to scienceHypothesis testing essentialSimilar to writing a persuasive essayHave a native English writer proof your manuscriptOffer to be a reviewer for manuscriptsPublication is earned;not a right