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1、关于英语翻译的方法现在学习的是第1页，共25页1 顺译法：顺译法：按照原文行文的顺序，无须考虑改变原句的形式结构，即为顺 译。For instance,while still vacationing at the resort,we receive a call form the boss all of a sudden,knowing that some troubles are the clients or the work.譬如说，当我恩正在旅游胜地享受假期，却忽然接到老板的电话，告诉我们客户或工作方面出了问题。现在学习的是第2页，共25页2)逆译法：逆译法：有些英语句子的表达顺序与汉语
2、的表达习惯不同，有时完全是相反，这就需要从句子的后面译起，逆着原文的顺序翻译。We have the ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst-thought not all-of its consequence,if we act boldly,decisively and quickly.我们有能力化解这场危机，避免其向最坏的方向发展虽然这是不可避免的，如果我大胆、果断、迅速的行动。如果我大胆、果断、迅速的行动，我们就有能力化解这场危机，避免其向最坏的方向发展虽然这是不可避免的。现在学习的是第3页，共25页3)直译法：直译法：直译法即
3、是在目的语中可以找到对应的词时，直接对译，在转达原文的意思时，直译法即是在目的语中可以找到对应的词时，直接对译，在转达原文的意思时，时译文的表达形式和句法结构尽量同原文保持一致，在能够完全对等的情况下则时译文的表达形式和句法结构尽量同原文保持一致，在能够完全对等的情况下则完全对等，不能完全对等的情况下大致对等即可。完全对等，不能完全对等的情况下大致对等即可。Seeing is believing.白闻不如一见Out of sight,out of mind眼不见，心不烦。现在学习的是第4页，共25页4）意译法）意译法;意译即是在整体把握文章或者句子的背景以及意义的前提下，对语意译即是在整体把握
4、文章或者句子的背景以及意义的前提下，对语言中的词汇、语义空缺进行适当的增译。言中的词汇、语义空缺进行适当的增译。简而言之，就是打破原文的语言形式，用译文的习惯表达方式把原文意简而言之，就是打破原文的语言形式，用译文的习惯表达方式把原文意思意蕴在现出来。思意蕴在现出来。Tom is played by three actresses.直译:汤姆被三个演员饰演。意译：三位演员分别饰演不同阶段的汤姆。现在学习的是第5页，共25页5）Analyze your passions.Reflect on the times and situations in which you feel most pass
5、ionate,most energetic,most engagedand see if you can develop a common profile of these situations.Develop a list of your passions.How many of these times occur while you are at work.Reflect on=considerate 思考思考Passionate=excited 热热烈的烈的 激昂的激昂的Energetic=vigorous 精力充沛的精力充沛的 积积极的极的 有活力的有活力的Engaged=engros
6、sed 引起注意或引起注意或兴兴趣趣 全神全神贯贯注的注的Profile=n.侧面 外形 轮廓 vt.描的轮廓 现在学习的是第6页，共25页Reflect on the times and situations in which you feel most passionate,most energetic,most engagedand see if you can develop a common profile of these situations.Paraphrase:Consider the times and situations in which you feel most e
7、xcited,most vigorous,most engrossed and try to generalize the features of these situations.思考这些让你觉得最兴奋，最有活力，最有吸引力的时期和情境，尝试着概括这些情景的共同特点。现在学习的是第7页，共25页转喻（转喻（metonymymetonymy）与提喻（）与提喻（synecdochesynecdoche）的比较：）的比较：metonymy与synecdoche的共同点是它们都可以用人体的各个部位进行借代；它们的不同点在于：metonymy是利用人体部位指代其功能或特点，而synecdoche则是利
8、用人体的部位指代整体。试比较：例1：Her heart ruled her head.她的感情控制了理智。-emotions good sense（该句用“心”指代“感情”，用“头”指代“理智”。虽然“心”和“头”都是人体的部位，但说话者并没有用它们来借代“人”这个整体，而是指代根据其特点联想所产生的东西，故该句所采用的修辞手法是metonymy。）例2：No eye saw him,but a second later every ear heard a gunshot.没有人看见他。可是，一秒钟以后每个人都听到一声枪响。-man （“眼睛”和“耳朵”都是人体的部位，在此用来借代其整体“人”
9、。故该句所采用的修辞手法是synecdoche。）例3：We are all ears.我们洗耳恭听。-listening attentively（“耳朵”是人体部位，在此用来指代其“听”的功能，故该句所采用的修辞手法是metonymy。）例4：Two heads are better than one.两个脑袋总比一个脑袋强。-people（“头”是人体部位，在此指代整体“人”，故该句所采用的修辞手法是synecdoche。）例5：He has an old head on young shoulders.他年轻而有见识。-experiences young man（head是人体部位，前面
10、加了形容词old后，产生一种联想意义，即“有见识的”；shoulders也是人体部位，前面加了形容词young后，产生一种象征意义，即“年轻人”。该句没有用人体部位指代整体，而是用人体部位指代其特点，故该句所采用的修辞手法是metonymy。）例6：Never show your face again.千万不要再露面。-body（“脸”是人体部位，在此指代整个“人”，故该句所采用的修辞手法是synecdoche。）现在学习的是第8页，共25页6）Analogy:（类比）（类比）It is also a form of comparison,but unlike simile or metaph
11、or which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance,analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance 相似.类比是就两个本质上不同的事物之间的共同的特征和相似点进行平行比较，从中找出两者的相似之处，得出针对性极强的结论。从结构辨析：从结构辨析：1）A is to B as C is to D eg:Food is to man as fuel is to
12、engine.2)A is to B what C is to D(or:A to B is what C is to D,or what C is to D,A is to B)eg:Judicious praise is to children what is sun to flower.3)(just)as AB,(so)CD(so CD,just as A.B）eg:as dark clouds cannot long hide the sun,no lies can cover up the facts.4)If A were B,C wouldD现在学习的是第9页，共25页7)Pe
13、rsonification:（拟人）（拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals,or life and personal attributes(赋予)to inanimate(无生命的)objects,or to ideas and abstractions(抽象).拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。1、She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“Watching An
14、ts”)一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。2、The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.（把夜拟人化）3、I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.（把鸟拟人化）8)Hyperbole:（夸张）（夸张）It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.夸张（hyperbole）这是运用丰
15、富的想象，言过其实的说法，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。1、My blood froze.我的血液都凝固了。2、I beg a thousand pardons.3、Love you.You are the whole world to me,and the moon and the stars.4、When she heard the bad news,a river of tears poured out.现在学习的是第10页，共25页9）Understatement:(含蓄陈述）含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole（夸张的语句）,or over
16、statement.It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地)understating it,impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement.一、借助词汇手段表示低调陈述借助词汇手段表示低调陈述：I have studied humane nature,and I knew a thing or two.句子中“略知一二（know a thin
17、g or two）”表明说话人非常谦虚，为人低调，同时强调他见多识广，能洞察人情和识破虚假。二、借助语法手段表示低调陈述二、借助语法手段表示低调陈述1.虚拟语气虚拟语气 I know he is honest,and I wish I could add he were capable.这句话的内涵是：诚实只能说明一个人的品质，不能表明他的才干。说话人意在强调“he is honest,but not capable of dealing with things.2.双重否定表示低调陈述双重否定表示低调陈述 It was not without reason that the council
18、decided to take such measures.这句话的内涵：the council decided to take such measures with good reasons.)双重否定使得语气更加强烈语气更加强烈，说明安理会采取这样的措施是完全有理由的。现在学习的是第11页，共25页 10)Euphemism:(委婉）委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯)expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant.Fo
19、r instance,we refer to die as”pass away.婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话.例如:1.He is out visiting the necessary.?他出去方便一下.2.His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.他与妻子关系不融洽.3.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997.（去世）现在学习的是第12页，共25页11)Pun:(双关语）双关语）It is a play on words,or rather a play on the form and me
20、aning of words.双关语（pun）是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。Napoleon was astonished.”Either you are mad,or I am,”he declared.“Both，sir!”cried the Swede proudly.“Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。For instance:a cannon-ball took off his legs,so he laid down his arms.(Here arms has
21、 two meanings:a persons body;weapons carried by a soldier.)Napoleon was astonished.”Either you are mad,or I am,”he declared.“Both，sir!”cried the Swede proudly.“Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役现在学习的是第13页，共25页12)Syllepsis:(一一语双叙）双叙）Syllepsis is a figure in rhetoric by which a word does d
22、uty in a sentence in the same syntactical relation to two or more words but has a different sense in relation to each.A combination of grammatical parallelism and semantic incongruity,often with a witty or comical effect.Syllepsis是指用一个词（如动词、形容词、介词等）同时与两个或更多的词相搭配，在越一个词搭配时用一种词义，而在与另一个词搭配时则用另一种词义,这种搭配在
23、句法规则和语义上都是正确的，并产生不同的字面意义和比喻意义。1、He lost the game and his temper.他输了这一局，大发脾气。一个动词“lost”引出两个宾语，”the game和“his temper”，看似完全没有联系的两个词，经过“一语双叙”修辞手法的叙述，两个词组构成很自然的连接，逻辑十分合理。2、Yesterday he had a blue heart and coat.（blue heart:depressed heart 忧郁的心情 blue coat 蓝色的上衣）昨天他穿着一件蓝色的上衣，而且心情忧郁。3、Old people gathered in
24、 the social hall for comradeship and a hot lunch.老年人相聚在宴会大厅里，一是为了友谊，二是为了一顿热气腾腾的午餐。（for comradeship:abstract for a hot lunch:concrete）4.Ten minutes later,the coffee and Commander Dana of Naval Intelligence arrived simultaneously.十分钟后，咖啡和海军情报指挥官戴纳同时到了。Analysis:the coffee arrived and Commander arrived
25、are both right collocations.But the former is figurative(It was sent by someone),while the latter is literal(He arrived himself.).比喻意义与字面意义双叙联用，表示两者同时到达，诙谐幽默，着墨经济。现在学习的是第14页，共25页13）叠言（）叠言（rhetorical repetition）这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。1、It must be created by the blood and the wor
26、k of all of us who believe in the future,whobelieve in man and his glorious manmade destiny.它必须用我们这些对于未来，对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。2、.Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quicklycured patients,less pain,less discomfort,less death,less disease and less deformity.因为优良的医疗技术和
27、外科手术意味着更快地治疗病人，更少痛苦，更少不安，更少死亡，更少疾病，和更少残废。现在学习的是第15页，共25页14）通感（）通感（synesthesia）是指在某个感官所产生的感觉，转到另一个感官的心理感受。1、Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.有些书是应当尝尝滋味的，有些书是应当吞下去的，有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。书是“尝”不出味道的，也是不能“吃”下去将其“消化”掉的。这里把读书中的精读和泛读，阅读欣赏与吸收知识的感受，用味觉功能和消化功能来
28、表示，心理感受是如此逼真和奇特2、The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.（用视觉形容听觉，鸟落在树上，由它发出的声音联想到百合花）鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音.3、Taste the music of Mozart.（用嗅觉形容听觉）品尝Mozart的音乐.现在学习的是第16页，共25页15)Zeugma:(轭式搭配）轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same
29、 sentence,wither properly applying in sense to only one of them,or applying to them in different senses.把适用于某一事物的词语顺势用到另外一事物上的方法。在同一个句子里一个词可以修饰或者控制两个或更多的词，它可以使语言活泼，富有幽默感。For example,She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.她对那无家可归的男孩打开了房门，也敞开了胸怀。（open后带两部分the door以及her heart）As I left h
30、ome after breakfast,I shivered inwardly as well as outwardly.早餐之后我离开家的时候，我的里里外外都在颤抖。（shiver后带两部分inwardly以及outwardly现在学习的是第17页，共25页16)Irony:(反语）反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant,the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usua
31、l sense.用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效果。Well,of course,I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.啊，当然，我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客：像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢？名为“gentlemen”实则“beggar”而已。17)Innuendo:(暗讽）暗讽）It is a mild form of irony,hinting in a rather roundabout(曲折)way at something disparag
32、ing(不一致)or uncomplimentary(不赞美)to the person or subject mentioned.For example,He must take his readings in a bathroom.他肯定是在洗澡间看的书。现在学习的是第18页，共25页18)Sarcasm:(讽刺）讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony.It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner,and its aim is to ridicule(嘲笑）and wound the feelings of t
33、he subject attacked.讽刺程度比irony强烈。它是一种以奚落嘲讽为目的，打击伤害客体感情的一种修辞。For example,Laws are like cobwebs,which may catch small flies,but let waspsbreak through.法律就像蜘蛛网一样，能抓到小苍蝇，但却让马蜂（轻易）突破。19)Paradox:(似非而是的隽语）似非而是的隽语）A statement which seems impossible,because it says two opposite things,but which has some trut
34、h in it.是指前后两句话或同一句话的前后部分字面内容表面上自相矛盾，荒诞不经或有悖常理，不合逻辑，甚至是荒缪，但是经过仔细体会确认其内涵深刻，富有哲理，意味深长，言奇意深。For example，Some people are already dead alive,some dead are still alive.现在学习的是第19页，共25页20)Oxymoron:(矛盾修饰）矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox,formed by the conjoining(结合)of two contrasting,contradictory or incongruo
35、us(不协调)terms as in bitter-sweet memories,orderly chaos(混乱)and proud humility(侮辱).这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.For example,No light,but rather darkness visible.没有光亮，黑暗却清晰可见21)Antithesis:(对照）对照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural for
36、ms to achieve emphasis.将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.For example,Give me liberty,or give me death.现在学习的是第20页，共25页Thank You!22)Epigram:(警句）警句）short poem or saying expresses an idea in a clever and amusing way.名言警句，即耐人寻味的言辞For instance,A cynic is a man who knows the price of everything and the value of noth
37、ing.-Oscar wild（1854-1900)一个愤世嫉俗的人知道所有东西的价格，却不知道他们的价值。23)Climax:(渐进）渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for ladder and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity,like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly.将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点.可
38、以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象.For example,I am sorry,I am so sorry,I am so extremely sorry.现在学习的是第21页，共25页2023/4/124)Anti-climax or bathos:(突降）突降）It is the opposite of Climax.It involves stating ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity,from strong to weak,from weighty to light or frivolous.
39、与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排列.For instance,On his breast he wears his decorations,at his side a sword,on his feet a pair of boots.25)Apostrophe：(顿呼）顿呼）In this figure of speech,a thing,place,idea or person(dead or absent)is addressed as if present,listening and understanding what is being said.F
40、or instance,You Heavens,give me that patience,patience I need!现在学习的是第22页，共25页2023/4/126)Transferred Epithet:(转类形容词）转类形容词）It is a figure of speech where an epithet(an adjective or descriptive phrase)is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰)to another to which it does not really apply
41、or belong.将本应该用来修饰某一类名词的修饰语用来修饰另一类名词。For instance,The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.老人把一只令人安心的手放在我的肩膀上。27)Alliteration:(头韵）头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect.It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔)and since the sound r
42、epeated is usually the initial consonant sound,it is also called front rhyme.在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。For instance,The sun sank slowly.太阳慢慢地下沉。现在学习的是第23页，共25页2023/4/128)Onomatopoeia:(拟声）拟声）It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object(animate or inanimate),or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的)of some action or movement.摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似，使语言显得生动，富有表现力。For instance.On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。现在学习的是第24页，共25页2023/4/1感谢大家观看现在学习的是第25页，共25页