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1、关于英语基本五大句型以及成分讲解现在学习的是第1页，共51页一、句子成分一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和同位语和插入语插入语。现在学习的是第2页，共51页二）主语：二）主语：主语主语 (Subject)(Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。
2、但在是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there bethere be结结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：表示。例如：现在学习的是第3页，共51页1.During the 1990s,American country music 1.During the 1990s,American country music has
3、 become more and more popular.has become more and more popular.2.We often speak English in class.2.We often speak English in class.3.One-third of the students in this 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.4.To swim in the river
4、 is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health.5.Smoking does harm to the health.6.The rich should help the poor.6.The rich should help the poor.（名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（数词）（数词）（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）（名词化的形容词）现在学习的是第4页，共51页7.When we are going to have an English 7.When we are going to have an E
5、nglish test has not been decided.test has not been decided.8.It is necessary to master a foreign 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.language.（主语从句）（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）现在学习的是第5页，共51页（三）谓语（三）谓语 谓语谓语 (Predicate)(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般
6、放在的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten oclock.The plane took off at ten oclock.现在学习的是第6页，共51页（三）谓语（三）谓语 2 2、复合谓语：、复合谓语：（1 1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：）由情态动词加动词原形
7、构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks.You may keep the book for two weeks.（2 2）由助动词加动词原形）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词现在分词,过去分词构成。过去分词构成。如：如：Do you speak EnglishDo you speak English？They are working in a field.They are working in a field.He has caught a bad cold.He has caught a bad cold.（3 3）由系动词加表语构成。如：）由系动词加表
8、语构成。如：We are students.We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。现在学习的是第7页，共51页（四）表语（四）表语 表语表语(Predicative)(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seemlook,grow,turn,seem等）之后。等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、表语一般由名词、代词、形容
9、词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：及表语从句表示。例如：现在学习的是第8页，共51页1.Our teacher of English is an 1.Our teacher of English is an AmericanAmerican.（名词）（名词）2.Is it 2.Is it yoursyours?（代词）（代词）3.The weather has turned 3.The weather has turned coldcold.（形容词）（形容词）4.The speech is 4.The speech is
10、exciting.exciting.（分词）（分词）5.Three times seven is 5.Three times seven is twenty onetwenty one?（数词）（数词）现在学习的是第9页，共51页6.His job is 6.His job is to teach Englishto teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.His hobby is 7.His hobby is playing footballplaying football.（动名词）（动名词）8.The meeting is 8.The meeting is of great
11、importanceof great importance.（介词短语）（介词短语）9.Time is 9.Time is upup.The class is.The class is overover.（副词）（副词）10.The truth is 10.The truth is that he has never been that he has never been abroadabroad.（表语从句）（表语从句）现在学习的是第10页，共51页注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linking verb)Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征
12、和身份等。说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1 1）状态系动词状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有用来表示主语状态，只有bebe一词，一词，例如：例如：He He isis a teacher.a teacher.2 2）持续系动词持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,keep,remain,stay,lie,standstand,例如：例如：He always He always kept kept silent at meeting.silent at meeting.3 3）表像系动词表像系
13、动词用来表示用来表示“看起来像看起来像”这一概念，这一概念，主要有主要有seem,appear,look,seem,appear,look,例如：例如：He He seems seems(to be)very sad.(to be)very sad.现在学习的是第11页，共51页注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linking verb)Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4 4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有主要有feel,smell,sound,feel,smell,sound,tastetaste,例
14、如：例如：This kind of cloth This kind of cloth feelsfeels very soft.very soft.5 5）变化系动词变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,runrun.例如：例如：The river was beginning to The river was beginning to runrun dry.dry.6 6）终止系动词终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有表示主语已终止动作
15、，主要有prove,turn outprove,turn out,表达表达 结果是结果是;证明是证明是 ，之意，例如：之意，例如：The rumor The rumor proved proved false.false.His plan His plan turned outturned out a success.a success.现在学习的是第12页，共51页（五）宾语（五）宾语 宾语（宾语（ObjectObject）表示动作的对象或承受者，一）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.He is doing his homework
16、.1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming 2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have?I 3.How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.have five.（名词）（名词）（代词、动名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）（名词、数词）现在学习的是第13页，共51页4.T
17、hey helped the old with their housework 4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think7.I think（thatthat）he is fit for his office.he is fit fo
18、r his office.（名词化形容词，名词）（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）（宾语从句）现在学习的是第14页，共51页宾语种类宾语种类：（1 1）双宾语（间接宾语）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），直接宾语），例如：例如：Lend Lend me your dictionaryme your dictionary,please.,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring
19、,throwshow,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例等，例如：如：He sent the novel He sent the novel toto William William yesterday.yesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,savefind,get,order,post,save等，例如：等，例如：She bought a gift She bought a gift forfor h
20、er mother.her mother.（2 2）复合宾语（宾语）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），宾补），例如：例如：They elected They elected him their monitorhim their monitor.现在学习的是第15页，共51页下列动词只能接不定式做宾语下列动词只能接不定式做宾语 ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：等，如
21、：He refused to lend me his bike.现在学习的是第16页，共51页下列动词只能接动名词做宾语下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：等，如：John has admitted breaking the window.现在学习的是第17页，共51页下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同但意义不同，如，如mean,try,remember,forget,
22、mean,try,remember,forget,regretregret等。等。forget to doforget to do表示表示“未发生的动作未发生的动作”，forget doing forget doing表示表示“已完成的动作已完成的动作”。如：如：Dont forget to come here earlier Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.tomorrow.(还没来还没来)I forgot returning the book to him.I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他
23、了书已还给他了)现在学习的是第18页，共51页（六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语 宾语补足语（宾语补足语（Object ComplementObject Complement），用于补），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：语的动词有：telltell，letlet，helphelp，teachteach，askask，seesee，havehave，orderorder，makemake等。等。“宾补宾补”一般一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介
24、可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：词短语和从句充当。例如：现在学习的是第19页，共51页1.His father named him Xiaoming.1.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They painted their boat white.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money 4.You mustnt force him to
25、lend his money to you.to you.5.We saw her entering the room.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in good 6.We found everything in the lab in good order.order.7.We will soon make our city what your city 7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.is now.（名词）（名词）（形容词）
26、（形容词）（副词）（副词）（不定式短语）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（现在分词）（介词短语）（介词短语）（从句）（从句）现在学习的是第20页，共51页（七）定语（七）定语 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a1.Guilin is a beautiful beautiful city.city.（形容词（形容词）2.China is a 2.China is a developing developing country;America
27、country;America is a is a developeddeveloped country.country.（分词（分词）3.There are thirty3.There are thirty women women teachers in our teachers in our school.school.（名词）（名词）4.His 4.His rapid progress in English made us rapid progress in English made us surprised.surprised.（代词）（代词）现在学习的是第21页，共51页5.Our
28、monitor is always the first5.Our monitor is always the first to enter to enter the classroomthe classroom.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）6.The 6.The teachingteaching plan for next term has been plan for next term has been worked out.worked out.（动名词）（动名词）7.He is reading an article 7.He is reading an article about how
29、 to about how to learn Englishlearn English.（介词短语）（介词短语）8.She is the girl 8.She is the girl who sings best in my who sings best in my classclass.(定语从句定语从句)现在学习的是第22页，共51页（八）状语（八）状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（AdverbialAdverbial）。）。可由以下形式表示可由以下形式表示 ：1.Ligh
30、t travels most quickly.1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years.2.He has lived in the city for ten years.3.He is proud to have passed the national 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.college entrance examination.（副词及副词性词组）（副词及副词性词组）（介词短
31、语）（介词短语）（不定式短语）（不定式短语）现在学习的是第23页，共51页4.He is in the room making a model plane.4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Wait a minute.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin,you must continue.6.Once you begin,you must continue.（分词短语）（分词短语）（名词）（名词）（状语从句）（状语从句）现在学习的是第24页，共51页9种状语种类如下：1.How about meeting aga
32、in 1.How about meeting again at sixat six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance 2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party party because of the rainbecause of the rain.3.I shall go there 3.I shall go there if it doesnt rainif it doesnt rain.4.Mr Smith lives 4.Mr Smith lives on the third flooron t
33、he third floor.5.She put the eggs into the basket 5.She put the eggs into the basket with with great caregreat care.（时间状语）（时间状语）（原因状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）（方式状语）现在学习的是第25页，共51页 She came in She came in with a dictionary in her handwith a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up wi
34、th the others6.In order to catch up with the others,I must,I must work harder.work harder.7.He was so tired 7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediatelythat he fell asleep immediately.8.She works very hard 8.She works very hard though she is oldthough she is old.9.I am taller 9.I am taller than
35、 he isthan he is.（伴随状语）（伴随状语）（目的状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）（比较状语）现在学习的是第26页，共51页 （九）同位语（九）同位语（AppositiveAppositive）对前面的名词）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：词、代词或从句担任，如：This is Mr.Zhou,This is Mr.Zhou,our headmaster.our headmaster.（十）插入语（十）插入语（ParenthesisParenthesis）对一
36、句话做一）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有些附加的解释，通常有to be honest,I to be honest,I think(suppose,believe-)think(suppose,believe-)等，如：等，如：To be frank,To be frank,I dont quite agree with I dont quite agree with you.you.现在学习的是第27页，共51页练习练习一一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.1.The studentsThe students got on the got on
37、the schoolschool bus.bus.2.He handed 2.He handed me me the newspaper.the newspaper.3.I 3.I shall answer shall answer your question your question after class.after class.4.What a 4.What a beautifulbeautiful Chinese painting!Chinese painting!5.They went 5.They went huntinghunting together together ear
38、ly in the early in the morningmorning.S.AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbialAdverbial现在学习的是第28页，共51页各种词类及其在句子中的作用：各种词类及其在句子中的作用：1.Nouns(n.)名词：名词：-主语主语(S)，宾语，宾语(O)，表语，表语(P)等等 2.Verbs(v.)动词动词-谓语谓语(V)（vt.及物动词及物动词/vi.不及物动词）不及物动词）3.Pronouns（pron.)代词：代词：-主语，宾语，表语主语，宾语，表语等等 e.g.Katehasapiano.She
39、likesitverymuch._ S _ V _O 现在学习的是第29页，共51页4.Adjectives (adj.)形容词：形容词：-定语定语(At.)表语表语（P）e.g.The overcoat is very beautiful.This is a very beautiful overcoat.5.Adverbs(adv.)副词：副词：-状语（状语（Ad.)6.Numerals(num.)数词：数词：-定语，表语，主语等定语，表语，主语等 e.g.25(desks)_(be)enough.7.Articles(art.)冠词：冠词：一般不单独构成句子成分一般不单独构成句子成分 (
40、At.)(P)is现在学习的是第30页，共51页8.Prepositions(prep.)介词（介词（in,at,on,)prep.+n.介词短语介词短语-状语状语(Ad.),表语等表语等 e.g.We can see the bike under the tree.9.Conjunctions (conj.)连词连词(and,or,but,so)一般不构成成分，仅起连接作用一般不构成成分，仅起连接作用10.Interjections(interj.)感叹词感叹词(ah,oh,yeah)一般不构成成分，起加强语气作用一般不构成成分，起加强语气作用 现在学习的是第31页，共51页 英语句子有长在
41、短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：英语五种基本句型列式如下：基本句型一：基本句型一：+（主谓）（主谓）基本句型二：基本句型二：+（主系表）（主系表）基本句型三：基本句
42、型三：+（主谓宾）（主谓宾）基本句型四：基本句型四：+IO+IO+（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）基本句型五：基本句型五：+（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）s:subject v:verb P:predicative o:object s:subject v:verb P:predicative o:object(indirect)c:complement(indirect)c:complement现在学习的是第32页，共51页基本句型基本句型 一一+（主谓）（主谓）此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。词都能表达完整的意思。这类
43、动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。语、状语从句等。现在学习的是第33页，共51页 （不及物动词）1.Time 2.The moon 3.The man4.We all 5.Everybody 6.I 7.They 8.He 9.He10.Theyflies.rose.cooked.eat,and drink.laughed?woke.talked for half an hour.walked yesterday.is playing.have gone.现在学习的是第34页，共51页基本句型 二+（主系表）（主系表）此句型
44、的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be,be,look,feel,smell,taste,soundlook,feel,smell,taste,sound等属一类，表示情况；等属一类，表示情况；get,grow,become,turn,goget,grow,become,turn,go等属另
45、一类，表示变等属另一类，表示变化。化。be be 本身没有什么意义本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表的作只起连系主语和表的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义另用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义另:stay,prove,remain,stand:stay,prove,remain,stand现在学习的是第35页，共51页（是系动词）(表语)1.This 2.The dinner3.He 4.Everything5.He 6.The book 7.The weather 8.His face is smells(闻)fell looks is is becameturned an English dic
46、tionary.good.happy.different.tall and strong.interesting.warmer.red.现在学习的是第36页，共51页 基本句型基本句型 三三+（主谓宾）（主谓宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。现在学习的是第37页，共51页（实义动词）(宾语)1.Who 2.She
47、 3.He 8.He 5.They 6.Danny 7.I 4.He knows laugh at understands made ate likes want said the answer?her.English.cakes.some apples.donuts.to have a cup of tea.Good morning.现在学习的是第38页，共51页 基本句型基本句型四四+IO+（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的
48、直接承受者，另一个是动个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。前时，这一介词往往被省略。现在学习的是第39页，共51页（及物）（多指人）（多指物）1.She2.She 3.He 8.He 5.I 6.I 7.I 4.He passed cooked brought bought showed gave told showed himher husband you her him him me
49、a new dress.a delicious meal.a dictionary.nothing.my pictures.a hand.how to run the machine.that the bus was late.现在学习的是第40页，共51页 基本句型基本句型 五五+（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。现在学习的是第41页，共
50、51页（及物）（宾语）（宾补）1.We 2.They3.They 4.They5.What 6.We 7.He 8.I keep painted call found makes saw asked saw the table the door supper the house him him me them clean.green.dinner.dirty.sad?out.to come back soon.getting on the bus.现在学习的是第42页，共51页典型例题解析典型例题解析现在学习的是第43页，共51页1.They work hard.主主 +谓谓2.The flo